Detecting the “Wish Not to Live”: Rasch Validation of the D-PSI Scale for Technology-Enabled Suicide Prevention in Higher Education
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study aims to develop and psychometrically validate a culturally grounded Distinctive Passive Suicidal Ideation Scale and to examine its potential contribution to early suicide prevention within technology-supported higher education environments.
Methodology: This quantitative cross-sectional study employed a self-developed Distinctive Passive Suicidal Ideation Scale administered through an online survey using Google Forms. Data were collected from 833 Indonesian respondents. Psychometric validation was conducted using Item Response Theory with Rasch modeling. Item difficulty, person reliability, item fit statistics (infit and outfit MNSQ), rating scale functioning, and person–item targeting were analyzed using Jamovi version 2.7.6.
Main Findings: The Scale demonstrated strong psychometric performance. The Rasch analysis indicated high person reliability (0.917) and acceptable item fit statistics, confirming the internal consistency of the scale. Item difficulty estimates clustered within low to moderate levels, suggesting that the instrument is sensitive to early manifestations of passive suicidal ideation. Rating scale thresholds were ordered, and person–item targeting indicated appropriate alignment between item difficulty and respondent ability levels.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study introduces a Rasch-validated instrument designed to measure passive suicidal ideation as the cognitive state described as the “wish not to live.” By operationalizing this early stage of suicidality, the D-PSI Scale provides a psychometric foundation for integrating psychological screening indicators into digital counseling platforms, learning analytics, and other technology-enabled student support systems aimed at strengthening suicide prevention efforts in higher education.
References
R. T. Liu, A. H. Bettis, and T. A. Burke, “Characterizing the phenomenology of passive suicidal ideation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of its prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity, correlates, and comparisons with active suicidal ideation,” Psychol. Med., vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 367–383, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1017/S003329171900391X.
M. Kogien, S. R. Marcon, C. F. Modena, et al., “Prevalence and correlates of passive and active suicidal ideation among students entering graduate courses,” Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem, vol. 31, 2023, doi: 10.1590/1518-8345.6581.3981.
R. C. O’Connor and J. Pirkis, The International Handbook of Suicide Prevention, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2016, doi: 10.1002/9781118903223.
H. M. Wastler et al., “An empirical investigation of the distinction between passive and active ideation: Understanding the latent structure of suicidal thought content,” Suicide Life Threat. Behav., vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 219–226, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1111/sltb.12935.
A. Tengah, W. F. W. Yusoff, H. Sajali, T. Sookkumnerd, and H. X. Vinh, “Mobile technology enhanced diabetes self-management education improves self-efficacy and glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes,” J. Health Innov. Environ. Educ., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 176–185, 2025, doi: 10.37251/jhiee.v2i2.2597.
W. G. K. Stritzke and A. C. Page, “Suicide is about life,” in Alternatives to Suicide. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 2020, pp. 3–15, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-814297-4.00001-7.
A. T. Beck, M. Kovacs, and A. Weissman, “Assessment of suicidal intention: The Scale for Suicide Ideation,” J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 343–352, Apr. 1979, doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.47.2.343.
I. S. Al-Flayeh, K. C. B., and R. Dikenwosi, “Game on for chemistry: How Kahoot transforms learning outcomes and student interest,” J. Chem. Learn. Innov., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2025, doi: 10.37251/jocli.v2i1.1717.
V. M. Kesuma, E. T. Atmodiwirjo, and R. M. Idulfilastri, “Pengujian struktur faktor pada konstruk Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation dengan individu dewasa awal [Testing the factor structure of the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation construct with early adult individuals],” J. Muara Ilmu Sos. Hum. Seni, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 549–557, 2021, doi: 10.24912/jmishumsen.v5i2.11310.2021.
H. Sueki, “Relationship between Beck Hopelessness Scale and suicidal ideation: A short-term longitudinal study,” Death Stud., vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 467–472, 2022, doi: 10.1080/07481187.2020.1740833.
Y.-H. Choi, E.-H. Lee, S.-T. Hwang, S.-H. Hong, and J.-H. Kim, “Reliability and validity of the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS) in Korean adult participants,” Korean J. Clin. Psychol., vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 173–188, 2020, doi: 10.15842/kjcp.2020.39.2.003.
C. Barry, “Passive suicidal ideation in older adults: Implications for suicide prevention,” Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 1411–1413, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2019.08.003.
E. H. Picard, “How clinicians understand passive suicidal ideation in suicide risk assessment,” Ph.D. dissertation, 2017.
U. H. Rusmin, A. Awaluddin, and M. T. Ajadi, “Development of Nusa Ra Island as a marine tourism object in increasing regional original income (PAD) in South Halmahera Regency,” Multidiscip. J. Tour. Hosp. Sport Phys. Educ., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 50–59, 2024, doi: 10.37251/jthpe.v1i2.1188.
C. N. May, J. C. Overholser, J. Ridley, and D. Raymond, “Passive suicidal ideation: A clinically relevant risk factor for suicide in treatment-seeking veterans,” Illn. Crisis Loss, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 261–277, Jul. 2015, doi: 10.1177/1054137315585422.
J. R. Goodwill, “Which coping strategies moderate the depression–suicide ideation link in Black college students? A psychometric investigation,” Child. Youth Serv. Rev., 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106448.
M. W. M. Gijzen, S. P. A. Rasing, D. H. M. Creemers, F. Smit, R. C. M. E. Engels, and D. De Beurs, “Suicide ideation as a symptom of adolescent depression: A network analysis,” J. Affect. Disord., 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.029.
W. Puspitasari, “The influence of health education through social media on students’ knowledge about anemia,” J. Health Innov. Environ. Educ., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 14–19, 2024, doi: 10.37251/jhiee.v1i1.1034.
D. Hedley et al., “The suicidal ideation attributes scale-modified (SIDAS-M): Development and preliminary validation of a new scale for the measurement of suicidal ideation in autistic adults,” Autism, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1115–1131, 2023, doi: 10.1177/13623613221131234.
E. D. Klonsky and A. M. May, “The three-step theory (3ST): A new theory of suicide rooted in the ‘ideation-to-action’ framework,” Int. J. Cogn. Ther., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 114–129, 2015, doi: 10.1521/ijct.2015.8.2.114.
R. D. Shura et al., “Personality Assessment Inventory suicidality scales: Suicidal Ideation (SUI), Suicide Potential Index (SPI), and S_Chron in an Afghanistan/Iraq-era active and veteran military sample,” Suicide Life Threat. Behav., vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 522–533, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.1111/sltb.12961.
E. D. Klonsky, B. Y. Saffer, and C. J. Bryan, “Ideation-to-action theories of suicide: A conceptual and empirical update,” Curr. Opin. Psychol., vol. 22, pp. 38–43, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.020.
E. D. Klonsky, T. Dixon-Luinenburg, and A. M. May, “The critical distinction between suicidal ideation and suicide attempts,” World Psychiatry, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 439–441, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1002/wps.20909.
E. D. Klonsky, A. M. May, and B. Y. Saffer, “Suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation,” Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., vol. 12, pp. 307–330, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093204.
I. G. N. E. Putra, P. A. E. S. Karin, and N. L. P. Ariastuti, “Suicidal ideation and suicide attempt among Indonesian adolescent students,” Int. J. Adolesc. Med. Health, vol. 33, no. 5, 2021, doi: 10.1515/ijamh-2019-0035.
M. Mars et al., “Suicidal ideation and behavior among youth in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review,” BMC Public Health, vol. 15, pp. 1–11, 2015, doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2310-3.
H. Khaira and R. W. P. Sihombing, “Paradigm transformation of mental health services through complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by psychology students in health education institutions,” J. Health Innov. Environ. Educ., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 219–227, 2025, doi: 10.37251/jhiee.v2i2.2881.
A. Page and W. Stritzke, Alternatives to Suicide: Beyond Risk and Toward a Life Worth Living. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Academic Press, 2020.
L. Marie, E. K. Poindexter, N. A. Fadoir, and P. N. Smith, “Understanding the transition from suicidal desire to planning and preparation: Correlates of suicide risk within a psychiatric inpatient sample of ideators and attempters,” J. Affect. Disord., vol. 274, pp. 159–166, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.037.
I. Xu, R. Jacobucci, and B. A. Ammerman, “Before the attempt: How people think and plan in suicide crises,” J. Affect. Disord., 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.119660.
A. T. Beck, R. A. Steer, M. Kovacs, and B. Garrison, “Hopelessness and eventual suicide: A 10-year prospective study of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation,” Am. J. Psychiatry, vol. 142, no. 5, pp. 559–563, May 1985, doi: 10.1176/ajp.142.5.559.
M. Moselli, C. Frattini, R. Williams, and E. Ronningstam, “The study of motivation in the suicidal process: The motivational interview for suicidality,” Front. Psychiatry, vol. 11, Art. no. 598866, 2021, doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.598866.
J. Fernández-Sevillano et al., “Suicidal behaviour and cognition: A systematic review with special focus on prefrontal deficits,” J. Affect. Disord., vol. 278, pp. 488–496, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.053.
W.-Y. Lin and C.-C. Wu, “Students’ experiences in undertaking nursing professional practice during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of strengthening clinical adaptation in Taichung City,” J. Health Innov. Environ. Educ., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 161–168, 2025, doi: 10.37251/jhiee.v2i2.2540.
P. Pössel and E. Smith, “Integrating Beck’s cognitive theory of depression and the hopelessness model in an adolescent sample,” J. Abnorm. Child Psychol., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 435–451, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s10802-019-00607-7.
I. Marchetti and P. Pössel, “Cognitive triad and depressive symptoms in adolescence: Specificity and overlap,” Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev., vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1209–1217, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s10578-022-01374-6.
C. Macias, M. Soto, M. A. Cardoso-Moreno, and H. Calvo, “Modeling the depressive mind: A machine learning approach to deciphering Beck’s cognitive triad,” J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst., 2023, doi: 10.3233/JIFS-219333.
N. Eva, P. Shanti, N. Hidayah, and M. Bisri, “Pengaruh dukungan sosial terhadap kesejahteraan psikologis mahasiswa dengan religiusitas sebagai moderator [The influence of social support on students' psychological well-being with religiosity as a moderator],” J. Kajian Bimbingan Konseling, vol. 5, no. 3, 2020, doi: 10.17977/um001v5i32020p122.
L. M. Kelly, L. P. Swenson, and J. C. Wolff, “Application of the three-step ideation-to-action theory to passive and active suicidal ideation in college students,” Minerva Psychiatry, 2023, doi: 10.23736/s2724-6612.21.02263-6.
L. Spangenberg et al., “Exploring predictors of passive versus active suicidal ideation: Idiographic analysis of real-time data,” Crisis, 2025, doi: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000999.
J. Baños-Chaparro, “Passive and active suicidal ideation: A brief description,” Peruvian J. Health Care Glob. Health, vol. 11, no. 1, 2022, doi: 10.21134/rpcna.2022.11.1.8.
C. A. Kidron and L. J. Kirmayer, “Global mental health and idioms of distress: The paradox of culture-sensitive pathologization of distress in Cambodia,” Cult. Med. Psychiatry, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 211–235, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s11013-019-09635-6.
R. Lewis-Fernández and L. J. Kirmayer, “Cultural concepts of distress and psychiatric disorders: Understanding symptom experience and expression in context,” Transcult. Psychiatry, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 786–803, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1177/1363461519861795.
Y. L. N. Agnes, P. Songwathana, and P. Perngmark, “IKHLAS: A spiritual resource for Indonesian Muslim wives in accepting their husband’s HIV-positive status,” J. Keperawatan Soedirman, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 75–80, 2022, doi: 10.20884/1.jks.2022.17.2.6230.
A. Ramadhan, “The concept and terminology of Ikhlas in Al-Qur’an and its application,” Vision, vol. 17, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.30829/vis.v17i1.1040.
H. Hanafi, N. Hidayah, A. Mappiare-AT, and A. Atmoko, “Belief system on multicultural counseling: Literature review of positive belief system of Nusantara culture,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Inf. Technol. Educ., 2020, pp. 197–201, doi: 10.2991/assehr.k.201214.236.
N. Hidayah, M. Ramli, and H. Hanafi, “East Java modeling techniques to improve student meaning of life,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Educ. Manag. Admin., 2018, pp. 181–185, doi: 10.2991/coema-18.2018.43.
M. A. Talib and A. Abdollahi, “Spirituality moderates hopelessness, depression, and suicidal behavior among Malaysian adolescents,” J. Relig. Health, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 784–795, Jun. 2017, doi: 10.1007/s10943-016-0187-4.
C. Cork, B. N. Kaiser, and R. G. White, “The integration of idioms of distress into mental health assessments and interventions: A systematic review,” Glob. Ment. Health, vol. 6, Art. no. e7, 2019, doi: 10.1017/gmh.2019.4.
S. Laher and K. Cockcroft, “Moving from culturally biased to culturally responsive assessment practices in low-resource, multicultural settings,” Prof. Psychol. Res. Pract., vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 115–122, 2017, doi: 10.1037/pro0000102.
M. Roziqi, M. Muslihati, and I. M. Hambali, “Faktor protektif ide bunuh diri remaja [Protective factors for adolescent suicidal ideation],” Ideguru, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 205–212, 2024, doi: 10.51169/ideguru.v9i1.764.
S. S. Hevi et al., “Digital learning space experience and learner continuous use in institutions of higher learning: A moderated-mediation model,” J. Res. Innov. Teach. Learn., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 433–447, 2024, doi: 10.1108/jrit-04-2023-0045.
C. Lwande, L. Muchemi, and R. Oboko, “Identifying learning styles and cognitive traits in a learning management system,” Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 8, Art. no. e07701, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07701.
C. Bembich, “Distance learning from the students’ point of view: Connected but socially disconnected,” in Proc. Int. Conf. New Approaches Educ., 2022, pp. 27–36.
M. Muslihati et al., “Predicting the mental health quality of adolescents with intensive exposure to metaverse and its counseling recommendations in a multicultural context,” J. Cakrawala Pendidikan, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 38–52, 2023, doi: 10.21831/cp.v42i1.53917.
M. Muslihati et al., “How to prevent student mental health problems in the metaverse era?” J. Kajian Bimbingan Konseling, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 33–46, 2024, doi: 10.17977/um001v8i12023p33-46.
M. Gaur et al., “Knowledge-aware assessment of severity of suicide risk for early intervention,” in Proc. World Wide Web Conf., 2019, pp. 514–525, doi: 10.1145/3308558.3313698.
V. N. Annapareddy, Connected Intelligence: Transforming Education and Energy with Big Data, Cloud Connectors, and Artificial Intelligence. Deep Science Publishing, 2025.
M. Ramli, N. M. A. Saputra, and S. Latif, “Peer counseling in the service of student learning problems: A study of school counselor needs,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Guidance Couns., 2024, pp. 65–75, doi: 10.2991/978-2-38476-234-7_8.
A. O. Adeniyi et al., “Ethical considerations in healthcare IT: A review of data privacy and patient consent issues,” World J. Adv. Res. Rev., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 1660–1668, 2024, doi: 10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.2.0593.
G. Dempster et al., “Ethical issues to consider in designing suicide prevention studies: An expert consensus study,” Arch. Suicide Res., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 582–598, 2023, doi: 10.1080/13811118.2021.2022553.
R. Haryadi, M. Ramli, N. Hidayah, T. Rofiqah, and A. Yanizon, “Forewarned is forearmed: Practical prevention strategies for method-specific suicide,” J. Affect. Disord., vol. 380, pp. 742–743, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.142.
T. M. Binnix, C. Rambo, S. Abrutyn, and A. S. Mueller, “The dialectics of stigma, silence, and misunderstanding in suicidality survival narratives,” Deviant Behav., vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 1095–1106, 2018, doi: 10.1080/01639625.2017.1399753.
G. T. L. Brown, L. R. Harris, C. O’Quin, and K. E. Lane, “Using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate cross-cultural research: Identifying and understanding non-invariance,” Int. J. Res. Method Educ., vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 66–90, 2017, doi: 10.1080/1743727X.2015.1070823.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rudi Haryadi, M Ramli, Nur Hidayah, Muslihati Muslihati, Mansor bin Abu Talib
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and acknowledge that the Journal of Educational Technology and Learning Creativity is the first publisher licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citation of published work.
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
