Digital HR, Employee Empowerment, Internal Mobility, Career Development on Knowledge Innovation, and Employee Engagement in Technology Firms in Indonesia
Keywords:
Decent Job, Digital HR, Economic Productivity, Quality Job, Technology Firms
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study aims to explore the relationships between Digital Human Resource Management, Employee Empowerment, Internal Mobility, Career Development, Knowledge Innovation, and Employee Engagement in Indonesian technology companies.
Methodology: A quantitative approach was used, collecting data from 675 employees via a structured questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS 3.0).
Main Findings: Digital HR directly influences Employee Empowerment and Internal Mobility, which positively affect Career Development. Career Development impacts Knowledge Innovation and Employee Engagement, with Knowledge Innovation serving as a mediator between Career Development and Engagement.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study integrates Resource-Based View (RBV) and Social Exchange Theory (SET), demonstrating how Digital HR competencies and employee reciprocity drive innovation and engagement, providing insights for HR managers in technology firms to enhance talent development and competitiveness.
References
Abdulrahman, M. H. (2014). A Resource Based View: Perspective on Acquired Human Resource Towards Competitive Advantage. International Journal of Technology Enhancements and Emerging Engineering Research, 2(3).
Abudaqa, A., & Noburu, I. (2025). Optimizing Digipreneurship in the Growth of the Digital Millennial Creative Economy Ecosystem. Startupreneur Business Digital (SABDA Journal), 4(1), 24–34.
Abueid, A. I., Mohammad, A. A. S., Almomani, H. M., Mohammad, S. I., Vasudevan, A., Almohaimmeed, B. M., Al Oraini, B., Alshurideh, M. T., & Saraireh, S. (2025). Strategies for Successful Digital Transformation in the Jordanian Banking Sector: Leveraging FinTech for Enhanced Customer Engagement BT - Artificial Intelligence, Sustainable Technologies, and Business Innovation: Opportunities and Challenges of Digital Transformation (A. Al-Sartawi & H. Ghura (eds.); pp. 401–414). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77925-1_35
Adawiah, E. (2023). Digital Transformation Impact on Human Resource Management Practices in Indonesia: Exploring Technology-Based Approaches. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication.
Ahmed, M. T. (2019). E-HRM Practices and its impact on Organizational Performance: A study on the Manufacturing industry in Bangladesh. European Journal of Business and Management, 11(6), 50–60.
Ain, N. U., & Waheed, M. (2021). A novel integration of social capital, emotional attachment and organizational innovation. Journal of Digitovation and Information System, 1(2), 96–104.
Aktar, A., & Pangil, F. (2020). HRM practices, employee engagement, organisational commitment and work-related social support. Journal for Global Business Advancement, 13(6), 688–705.
Alanazi, T., Alshurideh, M. T., Mohammad, A. A. S., Al-shanableh, N., Alhalalmeh, M. I., Al Sarayreh, A., Samara, E. I. M., Alserhan, A. F., Alzyoud, M., & Al-Hawary, S. I. S. (2025). The Role of Perceived Gamification Affordance in Customer Engagement: An Empirical Study on the Hospitality Industry in KSA BT - Intelligence-Driven Circular Economy: Regeneration Towards Sustainability and Social Responsibility—Volume 2 (A. Hannoon & A. Mahmood (eds.); pp. 255–269). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-74220-0_19
Albayrak, M. T., & Ertürk, A. (2021). Strategic Empowerment in Human Resource Management. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management.
Ali, Z., Bashir, M., & Mehreen, A. (2019). Managing organizational effectiveness through talent management and career development: The mediating role of employee engagement. Journal of Management Sciences, 6(1), 62–78.
Alnaser, N., Shaban, O. S., & Al-Zubi, Z. (2014). The effect of effective corporate governance structure in improving investors’ confidence in the public financial information. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(1), 556.
Amirudin, L. R., & Husain, A. (2025). Exploring the Impact of AI-Based HR Systems on Generation Z Employee Engagement in Indonesia. 2025 4th International Conference on Creative Communication and Innovative Technology (ICCIT), 1–7.
Augossy, H., Msacky, R., & Magasi, C. (2024). Career development programs and employee retention: Insights from the Ministry of Works in Tanzania. International Journal of Academe and Industry Research, 5(4), 98–123.
Awad, A., Mallek, R. S., Ozturk, I., & Abdalla, Y. A. (2023). Infrastructure Development’s role in environmental degradation in sub-Saharan Africa: Impacts and transmission channels. Journal of Cleaner Production, 414, 137622.
Awoitau, R., Noch, M. Y., & Khotimah, K. (2024). The Influence of Motivation, Training and Compensation on Employee Performance. Advances in Human Resource Management Research, 2(3), 153–165.
Barboza, C. (2018). HRM in the digital age: Consequences and performance. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research (IJEMR), 8(3), 172–176.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120.
Benson, A., & Rissing, B. A. (2020). Strength from within: Internal mobility and the retention of high performers. Organization Science, 31(6), 1475–1496.
BHARGAVI, M. (n.d.). STARTUPS AND ITS HR CHALLENGES.
Bhargavi, S., & Yaseen, A. (2016). Leadership styles and organizational performance. Strategic Management Quarterly, 4(1), 87–117.
Bidwell, M. (2011). Paying more to get less: The effects of external hiring versus internal mobility. Administrative Science Quarterly, 56(3), 369–407.
BIST, A. S., Zakaria, N. A., Anwar, N., Jacqueline, G., & MING, L. I. W. (2024). Future of Work: How Digital Tools are Transforming Human Resource Management. APTISI TRANSACTIONS ON MANAGEMENT Учредители: ILearning Journal Center, 8(3), 213–220.
Blau, P. M. (1964). Justice in Social Exchange. Sociological Inquiry, 34(2), 193–206. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1964.tb00583.x
Blauth, M., Mauer, R., & Brettel, M. (2014). Fostering creativity in new product development through entrepreneurial decision making. Creativity and Innovation Management, 23(4), 495–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12094
Cahyadi, A., Marwa, T., Hágen, I., Siraj, M. N., Santati, P., Poór, J., & Szabó, K. (2022). Leadership styles, high-involvement human resource management practices, and individual employee performance in small and medium enterprises in the digital era. Economies, 10(7), 162.
Chang, P.-C., Zhang, M.-J., & Wu, T. (2021). Developmental human resource configuration, unique human capital, and employee innovative work behavior: A multilevel moderated mediation model. Sage Open, 11(2), 21582440211027964.
Christy, N. N. A., Wibowo, R. A., & Wu, M. C. (2022). A Study on Social Capital of Indonesian Entrepreneurs. TEM Journal, 11(1), 272–281. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM111-34
Coetzee, M. (2018). Career development and organizational support. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management.
Collings, D. G., McMackin, J., Nyberg, A. J., & Wright, P. M. (2021). Strategic human resource management and COVID‐19: Emerging challenges and research opportunities. Journal of Management Studies, 58(5), 1378.
Cross, C., & Dundon, T. (2019). 18. Social exchange theory, employment. Elgar Introduction to Theories of Human Resources and Employment Relations, 264.
Darussalam, M. F., Artiningsih, D. W., & Shaddiq, S. (2025). TRANSFORMASI DIGITAL DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP MANAJEMEN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA. Jurnal Riset Multidisiplin Edukasi, 2(7), 1122–1127.
Deaconu, A., MIȘU, S. I., Triculescu, M., & Ștefănescu, A. (2025). Motivating Employees Using e-HRM Tools–A Managerial Challenge. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 19(1), 4215–4224.
Deepti, C., Shimray, S. R., Kaba, A., & Ramaiah, C. K. (2025). The Impact of Knowledge Creation, Acquisition, and Capture on Knowledge Sharing: An Investigation Among Nursing Professionals. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 45(1).
Dieva, D. P., & Swasti, I. K. (2024). Competence, Work Discipline, and Work Facilities Contribute to Improving Employee Performance. AJARCDE (Asian Journal of Applied Research for Community Development and Empowerment), 8(3), 93–98.
Dolan, E., Kosasi, S., & Sari, S. N. (2022). Implementation of competence-based human resources management in the digital era. Startupreneur Business Digital (SABDA Journal), 1(2), 167–175.
Ebrahim, Z. B., Ismail, I., & Kassim, E. S. (2023). A conceptual review of the determinants of employee innovative work behavior. Information Management and Business Review, 15(4), 239–257.
Erlina, E., Koderi, K., & Sufian, M. (2025). Designing A Gender-Responsive Qira’ah Learning Module: Bridging Equality And Inclusivity In Islamic Higher Education. Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura, 25(1), 239–262. https://doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v25i1.29305
Eswaran, U., & Eswaran, V. (2025). Fostering a Culture of Innovation and Creativity Through Talent Development Programs. In Cultivating Creativity and Navigating Talent Management in Academia (pp. 211–230). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
Fagerberg, J., Fosaas, M., & Sapprasert, K. (2012). Innovation: Exploring the knowledge base. Research Policy, 41(7), 1132–1153.
Ferdiana, S., Khan, Z., & Ray, S. (2023). Investigating the impact of career development, organizational commitment, and organizational support on employee retention. Journal of Management Studies and Development, 2(02), 117–128.
Fitria, N., Muttaqien, F., & Rizki, V. L. (2024). THE INFLUENCE OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON GEN Z EMPLOYEE RETENTION. International Journal of Global Accounting, Management, Education, and Entrepreneurship, 5(1), 159–163.
Gaffney, S. (2005). Career development as a retention and succession planning tool. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 28(3), 7.
Gagné, M., Senecal, C. B., & Koestner, R. (1997). Proximal job characteristics, feelings of empowerment, and intrinsic motivation: A multidimensional model 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(14), 1222–1240.
Gielen, W. (2022). Bevlogenheid, innovatief werkgedrag en verbondenheid van werknemers. Tijdschrift Voor Arbeidsvraagstukken, 38(1), 62–76.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24.
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook. Springer Nature.
Haratua, C. S., Thilal, D. R., & Cahyani, W. D. (2023). Analisis Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia (Studi Kasus Pada Perusahaan PT. Rahardja Ekalancar). SINAU: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 2(1), 64–73.
Hassan, K. (2023). Leveling up employee engagement: uncovering the new pillars of an employee retention blueprint. Strategic HR Review, ahead-of-print.
He, J. (2014). From employee perceived HR practices to employee engagement: The influence of psychological empowerment and intrinsic motivation. 2014 International Conference on Management Science and Management Innovation (MSMI 2014), 485–490.
Istiqlal, A. H. (2024). Personal Career Development With Appreciative Inquiry To Increase Employee Engagement. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, 5(2), 354–362.
Janand, A. (2013). Développer les talents par la mobilité interne dans les grandes entreprises françaises. Paris 2.
Janand, A., & Fourboul, C. V. (2015). Mobilité interne: ce sera avec les motivations intrinsèques! @ GRH, 14(1), 11–45.
Jayawardana, A., & O’Donnell, M. (2010). Social exchange, organizational support and employee performance in Sri Lanka’s garment industry.
Jia-Jun, Z., & Hua-Ming, S. (2022). The impact of career growth on knowledge-based employee engagement: The mediating role of affective commitment and the moderating role of perceived organizational support. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 805208.
Judijanto, L., Anggoro, Y., Farawowan, F. F., Suroso, A., & Prihadi, D. J. (2025). REVOLUSI DIGITAL DALAM MANAJEMEN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA: MENGOPTIMALKAN TEKNOLOGI UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN KARYAWAN DAN PRODUKTIVITAS ORGANISASI. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA), 9(3), 126–146.
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724.
Kamalakannan, A. (2024). The integration of digital transformation with human resource management–a theoretical point of view. Interantional Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management, 8(02), 1–13.
Kavyashree, M. B., Kulenur, S., Nagesh, P., & Nanjundeshwaraswamy, T. S. (2023). Relationship between human resource management practices and employee engagement. Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management, 20(1), 1331.
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
Lagerev, K. I. (2023). The development of human resources as the main tool for the formation of professional competencies. Scientific Notes of the Russian Academy of Entrepreneurship, 22(1), 70–74. https://doi.org/10.24182/2073-6258-2023-22-1-70-74
Lazear, E. P., & Oyer, P. (2004). The structure of wages and internal mobility. American Economic Review, 94(2), 212–216.
Li, H., Chen, T., & Cao, G. (2017). How high-commitment work systems enhance employee creativity: A mediated moderation model. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 45(9), 1437–1450.
Li, Q., Chen, W., Zhang, S., & Shi, H. (2023). Achieving sustainable development by reducing income inequality: The differential impact of industrial land expansion in urban agglomerations. Sustainable Development, 31(4), 2770–2783.
Li, X., Yang, Z., & Liu, Y. (2025). How Digital Empowerment Promotes Rural Autonomous Governance ? — A Case Study of Houwei Village , Xingdian Street , Pukou District , Nanjing. E3S Web of Conferences, 03024, 0–3.
Lin, J. (2022). Employee Empowerment under the Background of Network Era. Academic Journal of Business & Management, 4(19), 152–155.
Ma, C., & Reidy, S. (2016). How Do We Create a Robust Internal Labor Market so that Employees can Move Freely into New Roles?
Matsuo, M. (2022). Influences of developmental job experience and learning goal orientation on employee creativity: mediating role of psychological empowerment. Human Resource Development International, 25(1), 4–18.
McDonald, K. S., & Hite, L. M. (2023). Career development: A human resource development perspective. Routledge.
McElroy, J. C., Morrow, P. C., & Mullen, E. J. (1996). Intraorganizational mobility and work related attitudes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17(4), 363–374.
Mishra, A., Sharma, V., & Anand, G. (2022). Improving and enhancing the level of Employee Engagement in Modern era.
Miyata, K., Yuizono, T., Nagai, Y., & Kunifuji, S. (2017). Human capital development through innovation design education. SIGGRAPH Asia 2017 Symposium on Education, 1–8.
Mustafa, B., & Lleshi, S. (2024). The impact of lifelong learning and investments in employee development on employee productivity and performance. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(8), 2024175.
Muzakky, A., & Wulansari, P. (2024). The effect of training and competency on career development: A conceptual framework. Journal of Business and Management Studies, 6(4), 163.
Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B. A., & Wright, P. M. (2023). Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. McGraw Hill.
Noe, R., Hollenbeck, J., Gerhart, B., & Wright, P. (2006). Human Resources Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage, Tenth Global Edition. McGraw-Hill Education New York, NY, USA:
Nonaka, L., Takeuchi, H., & Umemoto, K. (1996). A theory of organizational knowledge creation. International Journal of Technology Management, 11(7–8), 833–845.
Nurhasanah, S. U., & Sinambela, J. M. (2022). Digital transformation in human resource management: challenges and opportunities. Brilliant International Journal of Management and Tourism, 2(3), 307–317.
Nurmaida, A. L., & Khatimah, H. (2025). PENGARUH PELATIHAN KERJA DAN PENGEMBANGAN KARIER TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA PEGAWAI KANTOR PEGADAIAN HARAPAN INDAH. Media Riset Bisnis Ekonomi Sains Dan Terapan, 4(1), 90–100.
Oruganti, S. K., Karras, D., Thakur, S., Chaithanya, J. K., Metta, S., & Lathigara, A. (2025). Digital Transformation and Sustainability of Business. CRC Press.
Otti, C., & Törjék-Szabó, L. É. (2025). Szervezeti mobilitás és cégen belüli karriermenedzsment. ÚJ MUNKAÜGYI SZEMLE, 6(3), 29–41.
Özbağ, G. K., Esen, M., & Esen, D. (2013). The impact of HRM capabilities on innovation mediated by knowledge management capability. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 99, 784–793.
Paauwe, J. (2024). Resource based theory. In A Guide to Key Theories for Human Resource Management Research (pp. 231–237). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Pande, S., & Dhar, U. (2014). Organization conditions enabling employee empowerment and the moderating role of individual personalities. International Journal of Business and Management, 9(10), 70.
Pavlova, O. (2024). Inovatyvaus žmogiškųjų išteklių valdymo bei jo elektroninių priemonių naudojimo poveikis įsitraukimui į darbą, organizaciniam įsipareigojimui ir darbuotojų gerovei. Vilniaus universitetas.
Pramudita, B., Suyono, J., & Elisabeth, D. R. (2022). The Influence of Career Development, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Culture on Employee Loyalty. Jurnal Ekonomi, 22(2), 81–92.
Priya, M., & Jayalakshmi, G. (2025). Exploring Innovative Practices in Digital Human Resource Management. In Public Sector and Workforce Management in the Digital Age (pp. 137–156). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
Qorri, D., Pergéné Szabó, E., Felföldi, J., & Kovács, K. (2024). The Role of Human Resource Management in Agricultural Labor-Saving Technologies: An Integrative Review and Science Mapping. Agriculture, 14(7), 1144.
Rana, G., & Sharma, R. (2019). Emerging human resource management practices in Industry 4.0. Strategic HR Review, 18(4), 176–181.
Ray, C. (2024). Internal mobility: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 50(1), 264–306.
Riesner, S., Altnau, C., Berner, M. R., Skraba, A., Ajiri, D., & Kopac, L. (2025). Employee Training as a Support for the Professional Development of the Company. Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review, 5(3), e05401–e05401.
Rossi, M., & Buratti, G. (2015). Algorithmic transformation between heritage and design innovation. In in Heritage and tecnhology. Heritage and Tecnhology. Mind, Knowledge, Experiece. Proceedings of the XIII International Forum Le Vie Dei Mercanti, Aversa-Capri 11-13 Giugno 2015., 1271–1278.
Salliyuana, C., & Hidayat, M. R. (2024). Employee Engagement, Beban Kerja, dan Kepuasan Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan. Jurnal Alwatzikhoebillah: Kajian Islam, Pendidikan, Ekonomi, Humaniora, 10(1), 159–172.
Settoon, R. P., Bennett, N., & Liden, R. C. (1996). Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader–member exchange, and employee reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(3), 219.
Shukla, A., Singh, S., Rai, H., & Bhattacharya, A. (2018). Employee empowerment leading to flexible role orientation: A disposition-based contingency framework. IIMB Management Review, 30(4), 330–342.
Skare, M., de las Mercedes de Obesso, M., & Ribeiro-Navarrete, S. (2023). Digital transformation and European small and medium enterprises (SMEs): A comparative study using digital economy and society index data. International Journal of Information Management, 68, 102594. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102594
Srinadi, N. M. E., & Netra, I. (2014). Pengaruh pemberdayaan, self efficacy, dan pengembangan karier terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan. E-Jurnal Manajemen Universitas Udayana,(Online), 3(7), 1894–1910.
Stachová, K., Stacho, Z., Šamalík, P., & Sekan, F. (2024). The Impact of E-HRM Tools on Employee Engagement. Administrative Sciences, 14(11), 303.
Talreja, K. (2024). Feminism and the Politics of Interpretation: A Critical Inquiry. In Dilemma in Politics (pp. 100–127). Routledge India.
Thamizhmanii, S., & Hasan, S. (2010). A review on an employee empowerment in TQM practice. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 39(2), 204–210.
Thite, M. (2018). Future directions in electronic/digital HRM. In e-HRM (pp. 268–282). Routledge.
Toni, M., Mehta, A. K., Chandel, P. S., MK, K., & Selvakumar, P. (2025). Mentoring and Coaching in Staff Development. In Innovative Approaches to Staff Development in Transnational Higher Education (pp. 1–26). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
Verma, N., Talreja, R., & Mansuri, L. (2021). GENDER MAINSTREAMING: GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES.
Vu, H. M. (2020). Employee empowerment and empowering leadership: A literature review.
Wang, Y., & Balakrishnan, P. (2025). Reframing Employee Engagement in the Digital Era: A Multilevel Review of Its Impact on Organizational Effectiveness. Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 2025(05), 1–13.
Westover, J. H. (2025). Educational Attainment and Employment Outcomes: A Mixed-Methods Investigation of the Synergy Between Higher Education and Labor Market Success.
Wright, B. E., & Davis, B. S. (2003). Job satisfaction in the public sector: The role of the work environment. The American Review of Public Administration, 33(1), 70–90.
Wright, T. A., Cropanzano, R., & Bonett, D. G. (2007). The moderating role of employee positive well being on the relation between job satisfaction and job performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(2), 93.
Yamao, S. (2024). Social exchange theory. In A guide to key theories for human resource management research (pp. 274–279). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Yin, J., Li, Y., Ma, Z., Chen, Z., & Guo, G. (2024). Impact of entrepreneurship on technological innovation in the digital age: a knowledge management perspective. Journal of Knowledge Management, 28(9), 2750–2772.
Zhang, J., & Chen, Z. (2024). Exploring human resource management digital transformation in the digital age. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(1), 1482–1498.
Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107–128.
Abudaqa, A., & Noburu, I. (2025). Optimizing Digipreneurship in the Growth of the Digital Millennial Creative Economy Ecosystem. Startupreneur Business Digital (SABDA Journal), 4(1), 24–34.
Abueid, A. I., Mohammad, A. A. S., Almomani, H. M., Mohammad, S. I., Vasudevan, A., Almohaimmeed, B. M., Al Oraini, B., Alshurideh, M. T., & Saraireh, S. (2025). Strategies for Successful Digital Transformation in the Jordanian Banking Sector: Leveraging FinTech for Enhanced Customer Engagement BT - Artificial Intelligence, Sustainable Technologies, and Business Innovation: Opportunities and Challenges of Digital Transformation (A. Al-Sartawi & H. Ghura (eds.); pp. 401–414). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77925-1_35
Adawiah, E. (2023). Digital Transformation Impact on Human Resource Management Practices in Indonesia: Exploring Technology-Based Approaches. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication.
Ahmed, M. T. (2019). E-HRM Practices and its impact on Organizational Performance: A study on the Manufacturing industry in Bangladesh. European Journal of Business and Management, 11(6), 50–60.
Ain, N. U., & Waheed, M. (2021). A novel integration of social capital, emotional attachment and organizational innovation. Journal of Digitovation and Information System, 1(2), 96–104.
Aktar, A., & Pangil, F. (2020). HRM practices, employee engagement, organisational commitment and work-related social support. Journal for Global Business Advancement, 13(6), 688–705.
Alanazi, T., Alshurideh, M. T., Mohammad, A. A. S., Al-shanableh, N., Alhalalmeh, M. I., Al Sarayreh, A., Samara, E. I. M., Alserhan, A. F., Alzyoud, M., & Al-Hawary, S. I. S. (2025). The Role of Perceived Gamification Affordance in Customer Engagement: An Empirical Study on the Hospitality Industry in KSA BT - Intelligence-Driven Circular Economy: Regeneration Towards Sustainability and Social Responsibility—Volume 2 (A. Hannoon & A. Mahmood (eds.); pp. 255–269). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-74220-0_19
Albayrak, M. T., & Ertürk, A. (2021). Strategic Empowerment in Human Resource Management. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management.
Ali, Z., Bashir, M., & Mehreen, A. (2019). Managing organizational effectiveness through talent management and career development: The mediating role of employee engagement. Journal of Management Sciences, 6(1), 62–78.
Alnaser, N., Shaban, O. S., & Al-Zubi, Z. (2014). The effect of effective corporate governance structure in improving investors’ confidence in the public financial information. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(1), 556.
Amirudin, L. R., & Husain, A. (2025). Exploring the Impact of AI-Based HR Systems on Generation Z Employee Engagement in Indonesia. 2025 4th International Conference on Creative Communication and Innovative Technology (ICCIT), 1–7.
Augossy, H., Msacky, R., & Magasi, C. (2024). Career development programs and employee retention: Insights from the Ministry of Works in Tanzania. International Journal of Academe and Industry Research, 5(4), 98–123.
Awad, A., Mallek, R. S., Ozturk, I., & Abdalla, Y. A. (2023). Infrastructure Development’s role in environmental degradation in sub-Saharan Africa: Impacts and transmission channels. Journal of Cleaner Production, 414, 137622.
Awoitau, R., Noch, M. Y., & Khotimah, K. (2024). The Influence of Motivation, Training and Compensation on Employee Performance. Advances in Human Resource Management Research, 2(3), 153–165.
Barboza, C. (2018). HRM in the digital age: Consequences and performance. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research (IJEMR), 8(3), 172–176.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120.
Benson, A., & Rissing, B. A. (2020). Strength from within: Internal mobility and the retention of high performers. Organization Science, 31(6), 1475–1496.
BHARGAVI, M. (n.d.). STARTUPS AND ITS HR CHALLENGES.
Bhargavi, S., & Yaseen, A. (2016). Leadership styles and organizational performance. Strategic Management Quarterly, 4(1), 87–117.
Bidwell, M. (2011). Paying more to get less: The effects of external hiring versus internal mobility. Administrative Science Quarterly, 56(3), 369–407.
BIST, A. S., Zakaria, N. A., Anwar, N., Jacqueline, G., & MING, L. I. W. (2024). Future of Work: How Digital Tools are Transforming Human Resource Management. APTISI TRANSACTIONS ON MANAGEMENT Учредители: ILearning Journal Center, 8(3), 213–220.
Blau, P. M. (1964). Justice in Social Exchange. Sociological Inquiry, 34(2), 193–206. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1964.tb00583.x
Blauth, M., Mauer, R., & Brettel, M. (2014). Fostering creativity in new product development through entrepreneurial decision making. Creativity and Innovation Management, 23(4), 495–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12094
Cahyadi, A., Marwa, T., Hágen, I., Siraj, M. N., Santati, P., Poór, J., & Szabó, K. (2022). Leadership styles, high-involvement human resource management practices, and individual employee performance in small and medium enterprises in the digital era. Economies, 10(7), 162.
Chang, P.-C., Zhang, M.-J., & Wu, T. (2021). Developmental human resource configuration, unique human capital, and employee innovative work behavior: A multilevel moderated mediation model. Sage Open, 11(2), 21582440211027964.
Christy, N. N. A., Wibowo, R. A., & Wu, M. C. (2022). A Study on Social Capital of Indonesian Entrepreneurs. TEM Journal, 11(1), 272–281. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM111-34
Coetzee, M. (2018). Career development and organizational support. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management.
Collings, D. G., McMackin, J., Nyberg, A. J., & Wright, P. M. (2021). Strategic human resource management and COVID‐19: Emerging challenges and research opportunities. Journal of Management Studies, 58(5), 1378.
Cross, C., & Dundon, T. (2019). 18. Social exchange theory, employment. Elgar Introduction to Theories of Human Resources and Employment Relations, 264.
Darussalam, M. F., Artiningsih, D. W., & Shaddiq, S. (2025). TRANSFORMASI DIGITAL DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP MANAJEMEN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA. Jurnal Riset Multidisiplin Edukasi, 2(7), 1122–1127.
Deaconu, A., MIȘU, S. I., Triculescu, M., & Ștefănescu, A. (2025). Motivating Employees Using e-HRM Tools–A Managerial Challenge. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 19(1), 4215–4224.
Deepti, C., Shimray, S. R., Kaba, A., & Ramaiah, C. K. (2025). The Impact of Knowledge Creation, Acquisition, and Capture on Knowledge Sharing: An Investigation Among Nursing Professionals. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 45(1).
Dieva, D. P., & Swasti, I. K. (2024). Competence, Work Discipline, and Work Facilities Contribute to Improving Employee Performance. AJARCDE (Asian Journal of Applied Research for Community Development and Empowerment), 8(3), 93–98.
Dolan, E., Kosasi, S., & Sari, S. N. (2022). Implementation of competence-based human resources management in the digital era. Startupreneur Business Digital (SABDA Journal), 1(2), 167–175.
Ebrahim, Z. B., Ismail, I., & Kassim, E. S. (2023). A conceptual review of the determinants of employee innovative work behavior. Information Management and Business Review, 15(4), 239–257.
Erlina, E., Koderi, K., & Sufian, M. (2025). Designing A Gender-Responsive Qira’ah Learning Module: Bridging Equality And Inclusivity In Islamic Higher Education. Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura, 25(1), 239–262. https://doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v25i1.29305
Eswaran, U., & Eswaran, V. (2025). Fostering a Culture of Innovation and Creativity Through Talent Development Programs. In Cultivating Creativity and Navigating Talent Management in Academia (pp. 211–230). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
Fagerberg, J., Fosaas, M., & Sapprasert, K. (2012). Innovation: Exploring the knowledge base. Research Policy, 41(7), 1132–1153.
Ferdiana, S., Khan, Z., & Ray, S. (2023). Investigating the impact of career development, organizational commitment, and organizational support on employee retention. Journal of Management Studies and Development, 2(02), 117–128.
Fitria, N., Muttaqien, F., & Rizki, V. L. (2024). THE INFLUENCE OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON GEN Z EMPLOYEE RETENTION. International Journal of Global Accounting, Management, Education, and Entrepreneurship, 5(1), 159–163.
Gaffney, S. (2005). Career development as a retention and succession planning tool. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 28(3), 7.
Gagné, M., Senecal, C. B., & Koestner, R. (1997). Proximal job characteristics, feelings of empowerment, and intrinsic motivation: A multidimensional model 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(14), 1222–1240.
Gielen, W. (2022). Bevlogenheid, innovatief werkgedrag en verbondenheid van werknemers. Tijdschrift Voor Arbeidsvraagstukken, 38(1), 62–76.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24.
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook. Springer Nature.
Haratua, C. S., Thilal, D. R., & Cahyani, W. D. (2023). Analisis Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia (Studi Kasus Pada Perusahaan PT. Rahardja Ekalancar). SINAU: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 2(1), 64–73.
Hassan, K. (2023). Leveling up employee engagement: uncovering the new pillars of an employee retention blueprint. Strategic HR Review, ahead-of-print.
He, J. (2014). From employee perceived HR practices to employee engagement: The influence of psychological empowerment and intrinsic motivation. 2014 International Conference on Management Science and Management Innovation (MSMI 2014), 485–490.
Istiqlal, A. H. (2024). Personal Career Development With Appreciative Inquiry To Increase Employee Engagement. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, 5(2), 354–362.
Janand, A. (2013). Développer les talents par la mobilité interne dans les grandes entreprises françaises. Paris 2.
Janand, A., & Fourboul, C. V. (2015). Mobilité interne: ce sera avec les motivations intrinsèques! @ GRH, 14(1), 11–45.
Jayawardana, A., & O’Donnell, M. (2010). Social exchange, organizational support and employee performance in Sri Lanka’s garment industry.
Jia-Jun, Z., & Hua-Ming, S. (2022). The impact of career growth on knowledge-based employee engagement: The mediating role of affective commitment and the moderating role of perceived organizational support. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 805208.
Judijanto, L., Anggoro, Y., Farawowan, F. F., Suroso, A., & Prihadi, D. J. (2025). REVOLUSI DIGITAL DALAM MANAJEMEN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA: MENGOPTIMALKAN TEKNOLOGI UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN KARYAWAN DAN PRODUKTIVITAS ORGANISASI. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA), 9(3), 126–146.
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724.
Kamalakannan, A. (2024). The integration of digital transformation with human resource management–a theoretical point of view. Interantional Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management, 8(02), 1–13.
Kavyashree, M. B., Kulenur, S., Nagesh, P., & Nanjundeshwaraswamy, T. S. (2023). Relationship between human resource management practices and employee engagement. Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management, 20(1), 1331.
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
Lagerev, K. I. (2023). The development of human resources as the main tool for the formation of professional competencies. Scientific Notes of the Russian Academy of Entrepreneurship, 22(1), 70–74. https://doi.org/10.24182/2073-6258-2023-22-1-70-74
Lazear, E. P., & Oyer, P. (2004). The structure of wages and internal mobility. American Economic Review, 94(2), 212–216.
Li, H., Chen, T., & Cao, G. (2017). How high-commitment work systems enhance employee creativity: A mediated moderation model. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 45(9), 1437–1450.
Li, Q., Chen, W., Zhang, S., & Shi, H. (2023). Achieving sustainable development by reducing income inequality: The differential impact of industrial land expansion in urban agglomerations. Sustainable Development, 31(4), 2770–2783.
Li, X., Yang, Z., & Liu, Y. (2025). How Digital Empowerment Promotes Rural Autonomous Governance ? — A Case Study of Houwei Village , Xingdian Street , Pukou District , Nanjing. E3S Web of Conferences, 03024, 0–3.
Lin, J. (2022). Employee Empowerment under the Background of Network Era. Academic Journal of Business & Management, 4(19), 152–155.
Ma, C., & Reidy, S. (2016). How Do We Create a Robust Internal Labor Market so that Employees can Move Freely into New Roles?
Matsuo, M. (2022). Influences of developmental job experience and learning goal orientation on employee creativity: mediating role of psychological empowerment. Human Resource Development International, 25(1), 4–18.
McDonald, K. S., & Hite, L. M. (2023). Career development: A human resource development perspective. Routledge.
McElroy, J. C., Morrow, P. C., & Mullen, E. J. (1996). Intraorganizational mobility and work related attitudes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17(4), 363–374.
Mishra, A., Sharma, V., & Anand, G. (2022). Improving and enhancing the level of Employee Engagement in Modern era.
Miyata, K., Yuizono, T., Nagai, Y., & Kunifuji, S. (2017). Human capital development through innovation design education. SIGGRAPH Asia 2017 Symposium on Education, 1–8.
Mustafa, B., & Lleshi, S. (2024). The impact of lifelong learning and investments in employee development on employee productivity and performance. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(8), 2024175.
Muzakky, A., & Wulansari, P. (2024). The effect of training and competency on career development: A conceptual framework. Journal of Business and Management Studies, 6(4), 163.
Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B. A., & Wright, P. M. (2023). Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. McGraw Hill.
Noe, R., Hollenbeck, J., Gerhart, B., & Wright, P. (2006). Human Resources Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage, Tenth Global Edition. McGraw-Hill Education New York, NY, USA:
Nonaka, L., Takeuchi, H., & Umemoto, K. (1996). A theory of organizational knowledge creation. International Journal of Technology Management, 11(7–8), 833–845.
Nurhasanah, S. U., & Sinambela, J. M. (2022). Digital transformation in human resource management: challenges and opportunities. Brilliant International Journal of Management and Tourism, 2(3), 307–317.
Nurmaida, A. L., & Khatimah, H. (2025). PENGARUH PELATIHAN KERJA DAN PENGEMBANGAN KARIER TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA PEGAWAI KANTOR PEGADAIAN HARAPAN INDAH. Media Riset Bisnis Ekonomi Sains Dan Terapan, 4(1), 90–100.
Oruganti, S. K., Karras, D., Thakur, S., Chaithanya, J. K., Metta, S., & Lathigara, A. (2025). Digital Transformation and Sustainability of Business. CRC Press.
Otti, C., & Törjék-Szabó, L. É. (2025). Szervezeti mobilitás és cégen belüli karriermenedzsment. ÚJ MUNKAÜGYI SZEMLE, 6(3), 29–41.
Özbağ, G. K., Esen, M., & Esen, D. (2013). The impact of HRM capabilities on innovation mediated by knowledge management capability. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 99, 784–793.
Paauwe, J. (2024). Resource based theory. In A Guide to Key Theories for Human Resource Management Research (pp. 231–237). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Pande, S., & Dhar, U. (2014). Organization conditions enabling employee empowerment and the moderating role of individual personalities. International Journal of Business and Management, 9(10), 70.
Pavlova, O. (2024). Inovatyvaus žmogiškųjų išteklių valdymo bei jo elektroninių priemonių naudojimo poveikis įsitraukimui į darbą, organizaciniam įsipareigojimui ir darbuotojų gerovei. Vilniaus universitetas.
Pramudita, B., Suyono, J., & Elisabeth, D. R. (2022). The Influence of Career Development, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Culture on Employee Loyalty. Jurnal Ekonomi, 22(2), 81–92.
Priya, M., & Jayalakshmi, G. (2025). Exploring Innovative Practices in Digital Human Resource Management. In Public Sector and Workforce Management in the Digital Age (pp. 137–156). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
Qorri, D., Pergéné Szabó, E., Felföldi, J., & Kovács, K. (2024). The Role of Human Resource Management in Agricultural Labor-Saving Technologies: An Integrative Review and Science Mapping. Agriculture, 14(7), 1144.
Rana, G., & Sharma, R. (2019). Emerging human resource management practices in Industry 4.0. Strategic HR Review, 18(4), 176–181.
Ray, C. (2024). Internal mobility: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 50(1), 264–306.
Riesner, S., Altnau, C., Berner, M. R., Skraba, A., Ajiri, D., & Kopac, L. (2025). Employee Training as a Support for the Professional Development of the Company. Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review, 5(3), e05401–e05401.
Rossi, M., & Buratti, G. (2015). Algorithmic transformation between heritage and design innovation. In in Heritage and tecnhology. Heritage and Tecnhology. Mind, Knowledge, Experiece. Proceedings of the XIII International Forum Le Vie Dei Mercanti, Aversa-Capri 11-13 Giugno 2015., 1271–1278.
Salliyuana, C., & Hidayat, M. R. (2024). Employee Engagement, Beban Kerja, dan Kepuasan Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan. Jurnal Alwatzikhoebillah: Kajian Islam, Pendidikan, Ekonomi, Humaniora, 10(1), 159–172.
Settoon, R. P., Bennett, N., & Liden, R. C. (1996). Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader–member exchange, and employee reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(3), 219.
Shukla, A., Singh, S., Rai, H., & Bhattacharya, A. (2018). Employee empowerment leading to flexible role orientation: A disposition-based contingency framework. IIMB Management Review, 30(4), 330–342.
Skare, M., de las Mercedes de Obesso, M., & Ribeiro-Navarrete, S. (2023). Digital transformation and European small and medium enterprises (SMEs): A comparative study using digital economy and society index data. International Journal of Information Management, 68, 102594. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102594
Srinadi, N. M. E., & Netra, I. (2014). Pengaruh pemberdayaan, self efficacy, dan pengembangan karier terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan. E-Jurnal Manajemen Universitas Udayana,(Online), 3(7), 1894–1910.
Stachová, K., Stacho, Z., Šamalík, P., & Sekan, F. (2024). The Impact of E-HRM Tools on Employee Engagement. Administrative Sciences, 14(11), 303.
Talreja, K. (2024). Feminism and the Politics of Interpretation: A Critical Inquiry. In Dilemma in Politics (pp. 100–127). Routledge India.
Thamizhmanii, S., & Hasan, S. (2010). A review on an employee empowerment in TQM practice. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 39(2), 204–210.
Thite, M. (2018). Future directions in electronic/digital HRM. In e-HRM (pp. 268–282). Routledge.
Toni, M., Mehta, A. K., Chandel, P. S., MK, K., & Selvakumar, P. (2025). Mentoring and Coaching in Staff Development. In Innovative Approaches to Staff Development in Transnational Higher Education (pp. 1–26). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
Verma, N., Talreja, R., & Mansuri, L. (2021). GENDER MAINSTREAMING: GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES.
Vu, H. M. (2020). Employee empowerment and empowering leadership: A literature review.
Wang, Y., & Balakrishnan, P. (2025). Reframing Employee Engagement in the Digital Era: A Multilevel Review of Its Impact on Organizational Effectiveness. Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 2025(05), 1–13.
Westover, J. H. (2025). Educational Attainment and Employment Outcomes: A Mixed-Methods Investigation of the Synergy Between Higher Education and Labor Market Success.
Wright, B. E., & Davis, B. S. (2003). Job satisfaction in the public sector: The role of the work environment. The American Review of Public Administration, 33(1), 70–90.
Wright, T. A., Cropanzano, R., & Bonett, D. G. (2007). The moderating role of employee positive well being on the relation between job satisfaction and job performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(2), 93.
Yamao, S. (2024). Social exchange theory. In A guide to key theories for human resource management research (pp. 274–279). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Yin, J., Li, Y., Ma, Z., Chen, Z., & Guo, G. (2024). Impact of entrepreneurship on technological innovation in the digital age: a knowledge management perspective. Journal of Knowledge Management, 28(9), 2750–2772.
Zhang, J., & Chen, Z. (2024). Exploring human resource management digital transformation in the digital age. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(1), 1482–1498.
Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107–128.
Published
2025-12-25
How to Cite
Mintawati, H., Maulana , A., Pratiwi, I. D., Sedera, R. M. H., Wen, G. K., & Aridan, M. (2025). Digital HR, Employee Empowerment, Internal Mobility, Career Development on Knowledge Innovation, and Employee Engagement in Technology Firms in Indonesia. Journal of Educational Technology and Learning Creativity, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.37251/jetlc.v3i2.2479
Section
Multidisciplinary
Copyright (c) 2025 Hesri Mintawati, Agung Maulana , Intan Deanida Pratiwi, Rakotoarisoa Maminiaina Heritiana Sedera, Goh Khang Wen, Muhammad Aridan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and acknowledge that the Journal of Educational Technology and Learning Creativity is the first publisher licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citation of published work.
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
