Pragmatic Study: Types and Functions of Speech Acts in Pooh's Dialogue in "Winnie the Pooh"

Wasan Khalid Ahmed; Alma Cita Calimbo; Le Thi Giao Chi

doi:10.37251/jolle.v2i1.1622

Wasan Khalid Ahmed University of Fallujah
Alma Cita Calimbo
Le Thi Giao Chi

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37251/jolle.v2i1.1622

Keywords: Illocutionary Act, Locutionary Act, Pragmatics, Speech Act, Winnie the Pooh

Abstract

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study is to analyze the types of speech acts used by the character Pooh in the dialogue of the Winnie the Pooh story. This study aims to identify locution, illocution, and perlocution in Pooh's utterances and to understand the functions and effects of the communication produced.

Methodology: This study uses a qualitative method with a content analysis approach. Data in the form of Pooh character utterances in Winnie the Pooh were analyzed based on John Searle and J.L. Austin's speech act theory. Data collection techniques were carried out through documentation, with samples selected using purposive sampling. Data analysis refers to the Krippendorff content analysis method.

Main Findings: This study found that Pooh used 258 speech acts in 90 dialogues, consisting of locution, illocution, and perlocution. The most dominant illocutionary act was representative (49.6%), while perlocutionary acts were most often used to convince the listener (58.1%). Pooh used more direct speech acts (235 times) than indirect (23 times), indicating a tendency towards more explicit communication in interactions.

Novelty/Originality of this study: This study provides a new perspective in the analysis of speech acts in children's literature, especially Winnie the Pooh. This study reveals the communication patterns of Pooh characters that have not been widely studied, as well as their contribution to understanding language strategies in literary texts. These findings can enrich pragmatic studies and support children's literacy-based language learning.

References

J. A. Bateman, “What are digital media?,” Discourse, Context Media, vol. 41, p. 100502, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2021.100502.

M. Hasyim and B. Arafah, “Social media text meaning: cultural information consumption,” WSEAS Trans. Inf. Sci. Appl., vol. 20, pp. 220–227, 2023, doi: 10.37394/23209.2023.20.25.

D. Khashimova, N. Niyazova, U. Nasirova, D. Israilova, N. Khikmatov, and S. Fayziev, “The role of electronic literature in the formation of speech skills and abilities of learners and students in teaching Russian language with the Uzbek language of learning (on the example of electronic multimedia textbook in Russian language),” J. Lang. Linguist. Stud., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 445–461, 2021, doi: 10.52462/jlls.28.

K. M. Jensen de López, J. K. Kraljević, and E. L. B. Struntze, “Efficacy, model of delivery, intensity and targets of pragmatic interventions for children with developmental language disorder: A systematic review,” Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord., vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 764–781, 2022, doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12716.

S. Marni, R. L. Tiawati, T. Helda, and W. Rahmat, “How important is the study of pragmatics to train students’ communication skills in facing the challenges of the 21st century?,” J. Pragmat. Discourse Res., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 32–46, 2024, doi: 10.51817/jpdr.v4i1.769.

J. Fatmaja and G. Saragih, “Semantics and Pragmatics in Jacinda Ardern’s Speech,” Deiksis, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 47, 2021, doi: 10.30998/deiksis.v13i1.8493.

E. Calvanese Strinati and S. Barbarossa, “6G networks: beyond shannon towards semantic and goal-oriented communications,” Comput. Networks, vol. 190, pp. 1–52, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.comnet.2021.107930.

J. Jusmaniar, I. Riani, E. C. Anderson, M. C. Lee, and S. W. Oktavia, “Gasing game: ethnoscientific exploration of circular motion in physics learning on the coast of East Sumatra to build the character of perseverance,” Schrödinger J. Phys. Educ., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2024, doi: 10.37251/sjpe.v5i1.902.

S. Aririguzoh, “Communication competencies, culture and SDGs: effective processes to cross-cultural communication,” Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2022, doi: 10.1057/s41599-022-01109-4.

K. P. Schneider, “Referring to speech acts in communication: exploring meta-illocutionary expressions in ICE-Ireland,” Corpus Pragmat., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 155–174, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s41701-022-00123-w.

I. Ilyas, H. Kaynat, and A. Salisu, “The effect of implementing the Contextual Teaching Learning (CTL) approach on the formation of students’ physics behavior,” Schrödinger J. Phys. Educ., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 92–97, 2023, doi: 10.37251/sjpe.v4i4.786.

E. Ogiermann and S. Bella, “On the dual role of expressive speech acts: Relational work on signs announcing closures during the Covid-19 pandemic,” J. Pragmat., vol. 184, pp. 1–17, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2021.07.020.

A. Rădoi, “Literal or literary machine translation? Case study: winnie- the-pooh,” Rom. J. English Stud., no. 2022, pp. 142–152, 2024, doi: 10.2478/rjes-2024-0014.

B. ERGİN, E. ERGİN, and H. HAMARAT, “Hidden gem in christopher robin’s jungle the birth of winnie the pooh: a content analysis,” Folk. Akad. Derg., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 817–832, 2022, doi: 10.55666/folklor.1143587.

A. Sofyan, A. Badrudin, D. N. Fitriani, and M. Muta’allim, “Types and functions of illocutionary speech acts on inter-character dialogue in Tilik Short Films,” Ling. J. Bhs. dan Sastra, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 148–156, 2022, doi: 10.15294/lingua.v18i2.36163.

C.-C. Liu, C. W. Chiu, C.-H. Chang, and F. Lo, “Analysis of a chatbot as a dialogic reading facilitator: its influence on learning interest and learner interactions,” Educ. Technol. Res. Dev., vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 2103–2131, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s11423-024-10370-0.

T. Tarowiyatul, “An analysis of the main characters in movie the great gatsby,” J. Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Budaya, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2022.

J. Susina, “Performing Pooh plays: drama and storytelling in the children’s literature classroom,” Lion Unic., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 320–324, 2021, doi: 10.1353/uni.2021.0028.

N. Cocks, “On the tolerance of children’s literature criticism: psychoanalysis, neighborliness, and Pooh,” Humanit., vol. 12, no. 3, 2023, doi: 10.3390/h12030045.

S. J. Cochrane, “‘The Hardest Part is What to Leave Behind…’: Trauma, Medicine, and the Common Goals of Winnie the Pooh and The Story of Dr. Dolittle Abstract,” J. Med. Humanit., vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 263–268, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10912-020-09626-6.

Sukma, Mursalim, and A. P. A. Muhammad, “An analysis of illocutionary act in Coco Movie by Lee Unkrich,” J. Teach. English, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 116–124, 2024.

C. Corredor, “Illocutionary performance and objective assessment in the speech act of arguing,” Informal Log., vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 453–483, 2021, doi: 10.22329/IL.V41I3.6854.

B. Prastio, A. S. Ibrahim, G. Susanto, and I. Nurzafira, “Pattern of indirect directive speech acts on online advertisements,” Bhs. dan Seni J. Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya, vol. 49, no. 2, p. 152, 2021, doi: 10.17977/um015v49i22021p152.

I. Z. Supri and R. Rahmatiany, “Investigating the types and strategies of expressive illocutionary acts,” Turkish J. Comput. Math. Educ., vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 402–406, 2021.

M. Oktavia, C. Hiltrimartin, and D. Wati, “Improving student learning outcomes using crossword based worksheet in primary schools,” J. Basic Educ. Res., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 98–103, 2023, doi: 10.37251/jber.v4i3.725.

S. Abid and N. N. Muslihah, “Analisis Tindak Tutur pada Cerpen Si Malanca Karya Harris Effendi Thahar,” J. Kaji. Bahasa, Sastra dan Pengajaran, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 433–456, 2024, doi: 10.31539/kibasp.v7i2.8794.

W. I. A. Umat and A. P. Y. Utomo, “Analisis Tindak Tutur Ilokusi Pada Film Dua Garis Biru Karya Ginatri S. Noer (Kajian Pragmatik),” Ling. Fr. J. Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajaran, vol. 8, no. 1, 2024.

M. Alangari, S. Jaworska, and J. Laws, “Who’s afraid of phrasal verbs? The use of phrasal verbs in expert academic writing in the discipline of linguistics,” J. English Acad. Purp., vol. 43, p. 100814, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jeap.2019.100814.

P. E. Jones and C. Read, “Mythbusters united? A dialogue over Harris’s integrationist linguistics and Gibson’s Ecological Psychology,” Lang. Sci., vol. 97, p. 101536, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.langsci.2023.101536.

T. T. Voorhees and O. Vorobel, “Integrating Qualitative Research into the Community College Linguistics Course: An Autoethnographic Inquiry,” Int. J. Educ. Res. Open, vol. 2, no. June, p. 100053, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100053.

E. Leivada and E. Murphy, “Mind the (terminological) gap: 10 misused, ambiguous, or polysemous terms in linguistics,” Ampersand, vol. 8, p. 100073, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.amper.2021.100073.

K. U. Isisag, “The efficacy of macro-linguistics in developing reading skills: An integrated lesson plan,” Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 9, pp. 698–703, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.220.

C. G. Quan, “Continuing with the Promise of ‘Scratch’ in the Applied Linguistics Classroom,” Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 103, pp. 245–254, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.332.

M. A. Candel-Mora and C. Vargas-Sierra, “An Analysis of Research Production in Corpus Linguistics Applied to Translation,” Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 95, pp. 317–324, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.653.

R. Z. Abid and S. A. Manan, Integrating Corpus Linguistics in Critical Literacy Pedagogy: A Case Study of Lance Armstrong’s Transformation from a Titleholder to a Fraud, vol. 208, no. Icllic 2014. Elsevier B.V., 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.189.

H. Jalali, “Reflection of stance through it bundles in applied linguistics,” Ampersand, vol. 4, pp. 30–39, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.amper.2017.06.001.

M. Pikhart, “Human-computer interaction in foreign language learning applications: Applied linguistics viewpoint of mobile learning,” Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 184, pp. 92–98, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2021.03.123.

H. Bromhead, “Disaster linguistics, climate change semantics and public discourse studies: a semantically-enhanced discourse study of 2011 Queensland Floods,” Lang. Sci., vol. 85, p. 101381, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.langsci.2021.101381.

A. M. Fazilatfar and Z. S. Naseri, “Rhetorical Moves in Applied Linguistics Articles and their Corresponding Iranian Writer Identity,” Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 98, pp. 489–498, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.444.

T. Popescu, “Developing English Linguistics Students’ Translation Competence through the Language Learning Process,” Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 93, pp. 1075–1079, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.09.333.

Z. Seifoori and J. Fattahi, “The Comparison of the Method Section of Applied Linguistics Articles Written by Native and Iranian Writers in Terms of Grammatical Complexity and Clause Types,” Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 98, pp. 1698–1705, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.596.

J. M.-H. Lim, J. M. Storey, S.-L. Chang, M. S. Esa, and S. A. Damit, “Preface: Multiple Roles of Language and Linguistics in Society,” Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 134, no. Iclalis 2013, pp. 1–2, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.217.

L. Wang, “Designing and implementing outcome-based learning in a linguistics course: A case study in Hong Kong,” Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 12, pp. 9–18, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.02.004.

A. V. Tsepilova and L. V. Mikhaleva, “Working with Formulaic Language as a Way to Evaluate and Improve EFL Non-linguistics Students’ Pragmatic Skills in a Culture-specific Contextual Situation,” Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 200, no. October, pp. 550–556, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.08.022.

Y. Wang and J. Soler, “Investigating predatory publishing in political science: a corpus linguistics approach,” Appl. Corpus Linguist., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 100001, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.acorp.2021.100001.

S. Pesina and T. Solonchak, “Concept in Cognitive Linguistics and Biocognitive Science,” Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 192, no. 3519, pp. 587–592, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.100.

M. Reuchamps and Y. Welp, Deliberative Constitution-making. 2023. doi: 10.4324/9781003327165.

C. A. Ogochukwu, “Small and medium scale firms financing strategies in Nigeria,” Coll. Manag. Technol. walden Univ., vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 1–24, 2021.

Kadek Devi Arshanti and Ni Wayan Swarniti, “Pragmatics perspective: the analysis of illocutionary act found in movie ‘Toy Story 1,’” PRAGMATICA J. Linguist. Lit., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 58–66, 2023, doi: 10.60153/pragmatica.v1i2.30.

T. A. Shiryaeva, A. A. Arakelova, E. V. Tikhonova, and N. M. Mekeko, “Anti-, Non-, and Dis-: the linguistics of negative meanings about youtube,” Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 12, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05763.

N. V. Semenova and A. N. Sitsyna-Kudryavtseva, “About the Term ‘Dependent Taxis’ in Modern Linguistics,” Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 200, no. October, pp. 149–156, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.08.036.

M. Brooke, “‘Feminist’ in the sociology of sport: An analysis using legitimation code theory and corpus linguistics,” Ampersand, vol. 7, p. 100068, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.amper.2020.100068.

H. Van Pham, P. Moore, and B. Cong Cuong, “Applied picture fuzzy sets with knowledge reasoning and linguistics in clinical decision support system,” Neurosci. Informatics, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 100109, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.neuri.2022.100109.

A. Schilling et al., “Analysis of continuous neuronal activity evoked by natural speech with computational corpus linguistics methods,” Lang. Cogn. Neurosci., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 167–186, 2021, doi: 10.1080/23273798.2020.1803375.

S. Rezaei, D. Kuhi, and M. Saeidi, “Diachronic corpus analysis of stance markers in research articles: The field of applied linguistics,” Cogent Arts Humanit., vol. 8, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.1080/23311983.2021.1872165.

D. Khairiah, S. Fatinah, J. Endardi, Nursyamsi, and D. Atmawati, “Genetic relationship between Kaili and Pamona languages: a historical comparative linguistics study,” Cogent Arts Humanit., vol. 11, no. 1, p., 2024, doi: 10.1080/23311983.2024.2409517.