Evaluation of Chemical Health and Safety Management Using Task Risk Assessment in an Academic Chemical Process Laboratory
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study aims to evaluate the implementation of a chemical health and safety management system in an academic chemical process laboratory by identifying chemical and process-related hazards, assessing task-related risks, and examining the adequacy of existing safety control measures in preventing chemical exposure and health risks.
Methodology: This study used a descriptive observational design. Tools included a structured laboratory safety checklist and a Task Risk Assessment matrix. Methods involved direct observation, document review, and semi-structured interviews. Reference standards included occupational safety and chemical health management principles. Data were analyzed qualitatively using risk categorization without specialized software.
Main Findings: Laboratory activities involved chemical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, and housekeeping hazards. Task Risk Assessment results indicated low, medium, and high-risk tasks, with high-risk activities predominantly associated with chemical exposure during handling and storage, as well as process-related hazards involving heated, pressurized, or moving equipment. Although engineering, administrative, and personal protective equipment controls were available, their implementation was inconsistent and not always aligned with the identified chemical health risks. Overall, the implementation of chemical health and safety management was partially aligned with recognized safety management principles.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study provides task-level empirical evidence on chemical health and safety management in an academic chemical process laboratory and contributes to chemical health risk prevention by demonstrating how Task Risk Assessment can be applied to identify, prioritize, and control chemical exposure and process-related hazards in higher education laboratory environments.
References
C. Benson, I. C. Obasi, D. V. Akinwande, and C. Ile, “The impact of interventions on health, safety and environment in the process industry,” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 1, p. e23604, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23604.
P. Mocellin et al., “Experimental methods in chemical engineering: Hazard and operability analysis— HAZOP,” Can. J. Chem. Eng., vol. 100, no. 12, pp. 3450–3469, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1002/cjce.24520.
M. Bai et al., “Why do major chemical accidents still happen in China: Analysis from a process safety management perspective,” Process Saf. Environ. Prot., vol. 176, pp. 411–420, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2023.06.040.
H. Azizi, M. M. A. Agha, B. Azadbakht, and H. Samadyar, “Identification and assessment of health, safety and environmental risk factors of chemical industry using Delphi and FMEA methods (a case study),” Anthropog. Pollut., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 39–47, 2022, doi: 10.22034/AP.2022.1971680.1138.
A. Salzano, S. Cascone, E. P. Zitiello, and M. Nicolella, “Construction safety and efficiency: Integrating building information modeling into risk management and project execution,” Sustainability, vol. 16, no. 10, p. 4094, May 2024, doi: 10.3390/su16104094.
H. Nudzor, “From flames to fortune by improving fire risk management in the case of Ghana,” J. Bus. Econ. Options, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 8–13, 2021.
F. Fatemi, A. Dehdashti, and M. Jannati, “Implementation of chemical health, safety, and environmental risk assessment in laboratories: A case-series study,” Front. Public Heal., vol. 10, no. June, pp. 1–9, 2022, doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.898826.
E. Gradini, F. B. Firmansyah B, J. Noviani, and K. Ulya, “Fostering higher-order thinking skills in mathematics education: Strategies, challenges, and classroom practices,” Prism. Sains J. Pengkaj. Ilmu dan Pembelajaran Mat. dan IPA IKIP Mataram, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 135–163, 2025, doi: 10.33394/j-ps.v13i2.15099.
M. Graca, K. Sarantopoulos, and D. B. Horn, “Chemical toxic exposures and chronic ocular pain,” Front. Toxicol., vol. 5, no. August, pp. 1–8, 2023, doi: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1188152.
M. Dou, X. Wang, Y. Li, J. Song, and A. Gong, “Occupational hazard exposures among archivists,” Front. Public Heal., vol. 13, no. July, pp. 1–9, 2025, doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1631626.
M. Ngwira, M. M. N. Chitete, M. Sibande, Y. Ngwira, and C. Damazio, “Understanding solid waste collectors’ awareness of occupational hazards and personal protective equipment practices in Northern Malawi,” Environ. Health Insights, vol. 18, no. December 2024, pp. 1–12, 2024, doi: 10.1177/11786302241303688.
O. Olorunfemi and I. F. Aina, “From bin to bedside: Understanding the health burden of inadequate waste disposal,” J. Adv. Heal. Res. Clin. Med., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 54–59, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.4103/JHCR.JHCR_13_24.
A. F. Kineber, M. F. Antwi-Afari, F. Elghaish, A. M. A. Zamil, M. Alhusban, and T. J. O. Qaralleh, “Benefits of implementing occupational health and safety management systems for the sustainable construction industry: A systematic literature review,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 17, p. 12697, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.3390/su151712697.
C. U. Madsen, S. V. Thorsen, P. Hasle, L. L. Laursen, and J. Dyreborg, “Differences in occupational health and safety efforts between adopters and non-adopters of certified occupational health and safety management systems,” Saf. Sci., vol. 152, p. 105794, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105794.
M. Aydin, “Evaluating ISO 45001 : 2018 and OHSAS 18001 : 2007 with insights for Occupational Health and Safety ( OHS ) standards in the construction industry İnşaat Sektöründe İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği ( İSG ) Standartları Açısından ISO 45001 : 2018 ve OHSAS 18001 : 2,” J. Archit. Sci. Appl., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 55–71, 2025.
A. J. Adedeji, “Effect of quality management systems framework specifically ISO 9001, ISO 45001, ISO 14001 and ISO 31000 standards on operational performance: an investigation of Nigeria’s manufacturing sector,” Brazilian J. Oper. Prod. Manag., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1–17, 2025, doi: 10.14488/BJOPM.2488.2025.
H. Henny, A. H. S. Budi, M. Andriyansyah, M. R. A. Rozzak, M. M. Baru, and A. Masek, “Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Determining Control (HIRADC) for workplace safety in manufacturing industry: A risk-control framework compelete with bibliometric literature review analysis to support Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),” Asean J. Sci. Eng. Mater., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 267–284, 2025.
G. O. Achumie, I. K. Oyegbade, A. N. Igwe, O. C. Ofodile, and C. Azubuike, “A conceptual model for reducing occupational exposure risks in high-risk manufacturing and petrochemical industries through industrial hygiene practices,” Int. J. Soc. Sci. Except. Res., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 26–37, 2022, doi: 10.54660/ijsser.2022.1.1.26-37.
A. Perera and A. Chhetri, “Computational Simulation and algorithmic analysis of occupational health risk dynamics in labor markets and their policy implications in developing regions,” North. Rev. Algorithmic Res. Theor. Comput. Complex., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1–14, 2025.
S. Ezenwa et al., “Toward improved safety culture in academic and industrial chemical laboratories: An assessment and recommendation of best practices,” ACS Chem. Heal. Saf., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 202–213, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1021/acs.chas.1c00064.
W. Wang, Y. Su, H. Cao, and D. Li, “Enhancing chemical laboratory safety with hazards risks mitigation and strategic actions,” Laboratories, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 5, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.3390/laboratories2010005.
H. Abedsoltan and M. B. Shiflett, “Mitigation of potential risks in chemical laboratories: A focused review,” ACS Chem. Heal. Saf., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 104–120, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1021/acs.chas.3c00097.
O. Kuzmina, E. Hartrick, A. Marchant, E. Edwards, J. R. Brandt, and S. Hoyle, “Chemical management: Storage and inventory in research laboratories,” ACS Chem. Heal. Saf., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 62–71, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1021/acs.chas.1c00086.
T. Herink, V. Bělohlav, T. Jirout, and Z. Bělohlav, “Opportunities of experiential education in chemical technology and engineering,” Educ. Chem. Eng., vol. 41, no. October, pp. 32–41, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ece.2022.08.003.
J. Yao, “Exploring experiential learning: Enhancing Secondary school chemistry education through practical engagement and innovation,” J. Educ. Humanit. Soc. Sci., vol. 22, pp. 475–484, 2023, doi: 10.54097/ehss.v22i.12508.
A. Szpicer et al., “Advances in computational fluid dynamics of mechanical processes in food engineering: Mixing, extrusion, drying, and process optimization,” Appl. Sci., vol. 15, no. 15, p. 8752, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.3390/app15158752.
M. Mohd Nadzir, Z. Ahmad, and S. R. Abd Shukor, “Safety analysis of intensified chemical processes,” in Control and Safety Analysis of Intensified Chemical Processes, Wiley, 2024, pp. 125–154. doi: 10.1002/9783527843657.ch5.
J. Bhattacharjee, A. De, B. Kamila, and A. Mandal, “Recent scenario of e-waste recycling: chemical engineering,” Int. J. Chem. React. Eng., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 675–700, 2025, doi: doi:10.1515/ijcre-2024-0058.
X. Zhou, X. Zhou, C. Wang, and H. Zhou, “Environmental and human health impacts of volatile organic compounds: A perspective review,” Chemosphere, vol. 313, p. 137489, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137489.
X. Jin, H. Zhang, and X. Wang, “Biases in the safety and security risk management of chemical-related academic laboratories,” Laboratories, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 11, May 2025, doi: 10.3390/laboratories2020011.
J. Wijdane, A. Karima, J. Saloua, and M. Khadija, “Evaluating quality cost management systems in morocco’s chemical and para-chemical landscape: A comprehensive analysis,” Manag. Syst. Prod. Eng., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 171–183, 2025, doi: 10.2478/mspe-2025-0017.
Z. Eusufzai, “Impact of advanced lubrication management systems on equipment longevity and operational efficiency in smart manufacturing environments,” ASRC Procedia Glob. Perspect. Sci. Scholarsh., vol. 01, no. 01, pp. 618–653, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.63125/r0n6bc88.
T. V. Chis et al., “Integrated noise management strategies in industrial environments: A framework for occupational safety, health, and productivity,” Sustainability, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 1181, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.3390/su17031181.
R. A. Al Maaitah and S. H. Aljbour, “Impacts of quality management systems on occupational safety and health in industrial laboratories,” Int. J. Hum. Factors Ergon., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 282–310, 2022, doi: 10.1504/IJHFE.2022.126128.
A. E. Pena-Molina and M. M. Larrondo-Petrie, “Safety and security considerations for online laboratory management systems,” J. Cybersecurity Priv., vol. 5, no. 2, p. 24, May 2025, doi: 10.3390/jcp5020024.
S. Ramji, “Study design: Observational studies,” Indian Pediatr., vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 493–498, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s13312-022-2541-2.
D. R. Hess, “Observational studies,” Respir. Care, vol. 68, no. 11, pp. 1585–1597, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.4187/respcare.11170.
O.-H. Kwon, G.-J. Sim, S.-H. Choi, and K.-Y. Kim, “Essential safety sheet in university hospital and healthcare laboratories: A comprehensive evaluation study with longitudinal impact analysis,” Healthcare, vol. 13, no. 22, p. 2975, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.3390/healthcare13222975.
S. J. Mbazima, “Health risk assessment of particulate matter 2.5 in an academic metallurgy workshop,” Indoor Air, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1–13, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1111/ina.13111.
D. May, C. Terkowsky, V. Varney, and D. Boehringer, “Between hands-on experiments and Cross Reality learning environments – contemporary educational approaches in instructional laboratories,” Eur. J. Eng. Educ., vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 783–801, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1080/03043797.2023.2248819.
I. Cattaneo et al., “Risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals at the european food safety authority: principles, guidance documents, applications and future challenges,” Toxins (Basel)., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–26, 2023, doi: 10.3390/toxins15010040.
B. A. Hussein and G. Shifera, “Knowledge, attitude, and practice of teachers and laboratory technicians toward chemistry laboratory safety in secondary schools,” J. Chem. Educ., vol. 99, no. 9, pp. 3096–3103, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00043.
A. Naserbakht, F. Tavassoli, F. Mostaed Mohsenabadi, and M. Ghalenoei, “Systematic approach to laboratory safety assessment: A case study from a university setting,” ACS Chem. Heal. Saf., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 476–487, Jul. 2025, doi: 10.1021/acs.chas.5c00054.
D. O. Badea, D. C. Darabont, I. Ivan, V. Ciocîrlea, R. A. Stepa, and O. R. Chivu, “Workers’ exposure to chemical risk in small and medium-sized enterprises: Assessment methodology and field study,” Sustain., vol. 16, no. 15, pp. 1–18, 2024, doi: 10.3390/su16156308.
C. G. Lwenge, G. R. Mahiti, and H. A. Paulo, “Evaluation of health laboratory ethical compliance among laboratory practitioners in Kinondoni District, Tanzania,” BMC Health Serv. Res., vol. 25, no. 1, p. 561, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.1186/s12913-025-12556-5.
B. O. Ikhide and C. Onosemuode, “Assessing compliance with laboratory safety regulations and standards of indoor air quality on workers’ health at the rubber research institute of nigeria blessing ohinoreimen ikhide, &,” Int. J. Sub-Saharan African Res., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 3043–4459, 2025, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.15118717.
D. J. Paustenbach, A. K. Madl, and A. Massarsky, “Exposure assessment,” in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, Wiley, 2024, pp. 157–261. doi: 10.1002/9781119742975.ch5.
T. J. Woodruff et al., “A science-based agenda for health-protective chemical assessments and decisions: overview and consensus statement,” Environ. Heal., vol. 21, no. S1, p. 132, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1186/s12940-022-00930-3.
A. S. Ludwika and A. P. Rifai, “Deep learning for detection of proper utilization and adequacy of personal protective equipment in manufacturing teaching laboratories,” Safety, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–30, 2024, doi: 10.3390/safety10010026.
R. K. A. Kularatne, “Do safety data sheets (SDS) and chemical labels effectively communicate safety hazards and precautions? An initial appraisal report with special reference to reproductive toxicant chemicals used in biotechnology applications,” Toxicol. Ind. Health, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 234–264, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.1177/07482337251320750.
O. Freudenthal, M. Da Silveira, and L. Deladiennee, “Unlocking the potential of data harmonization and FAIRness in chemical risk assessment: lessons from practice and insights for policy development,” Environ. Sci. Eur., vol. 36, no. 1, p. 194, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.1186/s12302-024-01022-4.
P. Babuji, S. Thirumalaisamy, K. Duraisamy, and G. Periyasamy, “Human health risks due to exposure to water pollution: A review,” Water (Switzerland), vol. 15, no. 14, pp. 1–15, 2023, doi: 10.3390/w15142532.
A. Cougnard-Gregoire et al., “Blue light exposure: Ocular hazards and prevention—a narrative review,” Ophthalmol. Ther., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 755–788, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s40123-023-00675-3.
C. Xu et al., “Current challenges of university laboratory: Characteristics of human factors and safety management system deficiencies based on accident statistics,” J. Safety Res., vol. 86, pp. 318–335, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2023.07.010.
Y. Hailing, X. Xuehu, Z. Huimin, T. City, and T. City, “Construction and practice of safety management system in university laboratories,” Adult High. Educ., vol. 5, no. 19, pp. 97–104, 2023, doi: 10.23977/aduhe.2023.051913.
E. Tziakou, A. G. Fragkaki, and A. Platis, “Identifying risk management challenges in laboratories,” Accredit. Qual. Assur., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 167–179, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s00769-023-01540-3.
A. E. Ali, A. M. Hamza, and H. E. Saleh, “Risk managements strategies in medical laboratory practice,” Int. J. Med. Lab. Res., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 18–32, 2024, doi: 10.1177/1461444810365020.
M. Bai et al., “Current status, challenges, and future directions of university laboratory safety in China,” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., vol. 74, p. 104671, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104671.
G. Basbug, A. Cavicchi, and S. S. Silbey, “Rank has its privileges: Explaining why laboratory safety is a persistent challenge,” J. Bus. Ethics, vol. 184, no. 3, pp. 571–587, May 2023, doi: 10.1007/s10551-022-05169-z.
O. Bazaluk et al., “Improvement of the occupational risk management process in the work safety system of the enterprise,” Front. Public Heal., vol. 11, no. January, pp. 1–14, 2023, doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1330430.
I. P. Adamopoulos, A. N. Bardavouras, and N. F. Syrou, “Occupational safety, policy, and management in public health organizations and services,” Eur. J. Environ. Public Heal., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2022, doi: 10.29333/ejeph/12445.
Z. Al Mohsen, “Laboratory safety and security concepts for clinical laboratory students and universities staff in Saudi Arabia,” J. Educ. Technol. Heal. Sci., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 42–46, 2023, doi: 10.18231/j.jeths.2023.010.
C. M. Donaghy et al., “Empowering student laboratory safety officer programs to strengthen academic safety culture,” ACS Chem. Heal. Saf., vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 291–299, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1021/acs.chas.3c00103.
Y. Kadher, A. Alzubi, A. Berberoğlu, and T. Öz, “Perceived leadership support, safety citizenship, and employee safety behavior in the construction industry: The role of safety learning,” Buildings, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 1–21, 2024, doi: 10.3390/buildings14103260.
S. Zhang, X. Hua, G. Huang, and X. Shi, “How does leadership in safety management affect employees’ safety performance? A case study from mining enterprises in China,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 1–19, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ijerph19106187.
L. Sun, D. Zeng, R. Xu, and L. Liu, “Effects of different safety training methods on students’ unsafe behavior in the laboratory,” J. Chem. Educ., vol. 102, no. 5, pp. 1981–1990, May 2025, doi: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c01458.
M. Yusuf, I. K. G. J. Suarbawa, N. W. M. S. Dewi, N. W. Sadiyani, and I. M. Sudana, “Understanding occupational health and safety regulations and the influence on students’ behavior in practical workshops,” Kesmas J. Kesehat. Masy. Nas., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 95–103, 2025, doi: 10.7454/kesmas.v20i2.1628.
T. Y. Khaw and A. P. Teoh, “Risk management in higher education research: a systematic literature review,” Qual. Assur. Educ., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 296–312, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1108/QAE-04-2022-0097.
M. Ajmal, A. S. N. Isha, S. M. Nordin, and A. B. A. Al-Mekhlafi, “Safety-management practices and the occurrence of occupational accidents: Assessing the mediating role of safety compliance,” Sustain., vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 1–17, 2022, doi: 10.3390/su14084569.
N. Aimi, A. Wahab, F. Nabilah, A. Rahiza, and N. Isa, “Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (Hirarc) on laboratory waste disposal in chemistry laboratory,” J. Acad., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 194–203, 2022.
K. Ostad-Ali-Askari, “Management of risks substances and sustainable development,” Appl. Water Sci., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1–23, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s13201-021-01562-7.
N. Chakr and A. Sav, “The role of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in reducing firefighter exposure to chemical hazards: A systematic review,” J. Occup. Environ. Hyg., vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 831–841, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.1080/15459624.2024.2400237.
H. Pekmezci, S. Sipahi, and B. Başaran, “Health risk assessment of dietary chemical exposures: A comprehensive review,” Foods, vol. 14, no. 23, pp. 1–36, 2025, doi: 10.3390/foods14234133.
D. Doncillo and A. Justo, “Pedagogical skills through laboratory-based instruction and its relations to the current status of the science laboratory facilities,” Aloysian Interdiscip. J. Soc. Sci. Educ. Allied Fields, vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 8–53, 2025, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.16208180.
Y. Qi, C. An, C. Huang, H. Lv, and H. Zhang, “Enhancing critical thinking in vocational chemistry education: Active learning strategies in vocational training,” J. Chem. Educ., vol. 101, no. 11, pp. 4892–4903, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c00887.
A. H. Hande, M. S. Chaudhary, A. R. Gadbail, P. R. Zade, M. N. Gawande, and S. K. Patil, “Role of hypoxia in malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis,” J. Datta Meghe Inst. Med. Sci. Univ., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 38–43, 2018, doi: 10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu.
J. Kayumov, D. Usmanov, U. Yusupova, Z. Smanova, and B. Rasulev, “Exploring chemistry in virtual reality: a comparative analysis of VR simulations for chemistry education,” Appl. Sci., vol. 15, no. 24, pp. 1–22, 2025, doi: 10.3390/app152413254.
C. Obianuju Ozobu, F. Emmanuel Adikwu, O. Odujobi, F. Othuke Onyekwe, and E. Onyinye Nwulu, “A review of health risk assessment and exposure control models for hazardous waste management operations in Africa,” Int. J. Adv. Multidiscip. Res. Stud., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 570–582, 2025, doi: 10.62225/2583049x.2025.5.2.3873.
M. H. Hassan et al., “A review on the effects of daily use chemicals on human health,” J. Heal. Rehabil. Res., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1–8, 2024, doi: 10.61919/jhrr.v4i3.1803.
S. Batterman, A. Grant-Alfieri, and S.-H. Seo, “Low level exposure to hydrogen sulfide: a review of emissions, community exposure, health effects, and exposure guidelines,” Crit. Rev. Toxicol., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 244–295, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2229925.
R. Makowski, W. Rogula-Kozłowska, and A. Polanczyk, “Assessing carcinogenic and mutagenic hazards in firefighting: a comprehensive review,” J. Environ. Sci. Heal. Part C, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 411–440, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.1080/26896583.2025.2530275.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wichitra Wongpromrat, Ermieza Sinin, Denise Ester Santiago-Sanchez
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and acknowledge that the Journal of Chemical Learning Innovation is the first publisher licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citation of published work.
.png)
.png)
