Pre-service Teachers’ Language Sensitivity Experiences and Endeavors During Internship Program: Insights for Character and Social Education
Abstract
Purpose of the study: What teachers say in class affects learners' behaviours and understanding. As a harbinger of equitable and transformative education, teachers are mandated to promote sensitivity and inclusivity, making it imperative to conduct studies contextualizing preparatory practices to equip future teachers (pre-service teachers) in fostering inclusive education and social inclusion as part of their internship program.
Methodology: The study examines the challenges experienced, strategic measures applied, and instructional resources utilized by pre-service teachers in promoting language sensitivity practices among public secondary schools during their student teaching program through the lens of descriptive qualitative (exploratory study) research. Fifteen (15) pre-service teachers acting as team leaders in their respective schools in the City of Balanga and Bataan, Philippines, handling Grades 7 to 10 students, are purposively selected as key informants for the interview. Upon validation of the research instrument, data gathering commenced, assuring compliance with stringent research protocols (i.e., anonymity, consent, and data confidentiality). Thematic analysis, proposed by Braun and Clarke (2006), is employed for the data analysis.
Main Findings: The findings reveal that teaching language sensitivity faces key challenges, including a lack of awareness, peer influence, and the normalization of insensitive language. Such challenges may implicate character education initiatives, specifically in catapulting the roles of student-teachers as agents of social value formation. However, strategies to address such challenges are evident, such as vocabulary building, creating safe learning environments, and experiential learning. Instructional resources range from visual aids and reflective writing to multimedia resources and interactive activities.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The study posits novelty in its approach in contextualizing language sensitivity endeavors through the lens of pre-service teachers to intensify technical assistance during their internship program
References
C. T. C. Aliwadang et al., "Cultural sensitivity in English language teaching: Understanding and addressing linguistic and cultural barriers," Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 556–572, 2024. Available: https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1706073.pdf
P. C. Pradhan, "Cultural sensitivity and English language teaching," Teresian Journal of English Studies, vol. 13, no. 3, Jul.–Sep. 2021.
E. C. Kapnoula and A. G. Samuel, “Sensitivity to Subphonemic Differences in First Language Predicts Vocabulary Size in a Foreign Language,” Language Learning, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 950–984, 2024. Available: doi:10.1111/lang.12650
H. V. Akcin, "Turkish Language Teachers’ Intercultural Sensitivity," Int. J. Educ. Literacy Stud., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 145–156, 2023. Available: doi:10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.11n.3p.145
M. Basman and D. Bayram, "Cultural Intelligence and Attitudes towards Multicultural Education: Mediating Role of Intercultural Sensitivity," Educ. Process: Int. J., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 177–189, 2024. Available: doi:10.22521/edupij.2024.133.10
H.-J. You, H.-C. Yeh, and G. Y. Qi, “Fostering Intercultural Sensitivity in Language Learning: Quality Talk in Telecollaboration,” Language Learning & Technology, vol. 29, no. 1, 2025. Available: https://hdl.handle.net/10125/73624
M. F. Pulido and P. López-Beltrán, "When Native Speakers Are Not 'Native-Like:' Chunking Ability Predicts (Lack of) Sensitivity to Gender Agreement during Online Processing," Cogn. Sci., vol. 47, no. 10, Art. no. e13366, 2023. Available: doi:10.1111/cogs.13366
C. Seaman, L. Rincón Herce, and A. Yamada, "Processing Polarity Sensitivity in L2 Spanish," Second Language Research, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 989-1007, 2024, doi: 10.1177/02676583231176378.
H.-T. Nguyen, "An Analysis of Undergraduate EFL Students’ Perceptions of Intercultural Sensitivity," IAFOR J. Educ., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 7–29, 2023. Available: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1393753.pdf
J. Xu, Y. Wang, and B. Peng, "Differentiating the Role of Growth Language Mindsets in Feedback-Seeking Behaviour in L2 Writing through Perspective-Taking: A Mixed-Method Study," Eur. J. Educ., vol. 60, no. 1, Art. no. e12876, 2025. Available: doi:10.1111/ejed.12876
G. Starr and J. Cho, "QUD Sensitivity in the Computation of Scalar Implicatures in Second Language Acquisition," Lang. Acquis.: J. Dev. Linguist., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 182–197, 2022. Available: doi:10.1080/10489223.2021.1990930
J. D. Wilang, J. Anthoney, and A. K. Sulankey, "‘Mistakes Help Us Improve’: Beliefs of High School Students on English Language Learning," J. Engl. Teach., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 92–104, 2025. Available: doi:10.33541/jet.v11i1.6717
N. Lugtu and R. Pecson, "Disarming words: Pre-service teachers’ pedagogical approaches in catapulting language sensitivity toward a harmonized instructional plan," International Journal of Teaching and Learning (INJOTEL), vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 30-45, 2025. Available: https://injoqast.net/index.php/INJOTEL/article/view/356/435
S. M. Linares, "Intercultural sensitivity and cultural othering in English language pre-service teachers," The Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language (TESL-EJ), vol. 26, no. 4, 2023. Available: https://doi.org/10.55593/ej.26104a5
Y. Wu and H. Gao, "From challenges to transformation: The professional development journey of transnational language teachers in the United States," Journal of Teaching and Learning, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 135–153, 2025. Available: https://doi.org/10.22329/jtl.v19i2.8977
S. Kazazoglu and E. Ece, "Exploring pre-service and novice EFL teachers' intercultural sensitivity," Novitas-ROYAL (Research on Youth and Language), vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 76–89, 2021.
S. Arcagok and C. Yilmaz, "Intercultural sensitivities: A mixed methods study with pre-service EFL teachers in Turkey," Issues in Educational Research, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1–18, 2020. Available: http://www.iier.org.au/iier30/arcagok.pdf
S. Çelik, "Teaching without boundaries: How global experiences shape future English language educators?" Journal of Pedagogical Research, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 96–109, 2025. Available: https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.202532604
Quimosing-Ocay, "Phenomenology of language sensitivity in the classroom," IOER International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 139–148, 2023. Available: https://doi.org/10.54476/ioer-imrj/979372
T. G. Yepes, E. Etchezahar, M. Á. Albalá Genol, and A. M. Rico, "The Intercultural Sensitivity in Education: Critical Thinking, Use of Technology and Cyberbullying," Electron. J. Res. Educ. Psychol., vol. 22, no. 64, pp. 559–574, 2024. Available: https://ojs.ual.es/ojs/index.php/EJREP/article/view/9710/8422
Madkur et al., "Context-responsive pedagogy in English language teaching in Indonesian Islamic boarding schools," Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 626–638, 2024. Available: https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v18i3.21085
Z. Yaprak and K. S. Özmen, “Developing Critical Intercultural Competence in Second Language Teacher Education,” Int. Online J. Educ. Teach., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1022–1037, 2021.
Republic Act No. 10533, An act enhancing the Philippine basic education system by strengthening its curriculum and increasing the number of years for basic education, appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes, 2013. Available: https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10533/
DepEd Order No. 42, s. 2017, National adoption and implementation of the Philippine professional standards for teachers, 2017. Available: https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/DO_s2017_042-1.pdf
D. Ayton, Qualitative descriptive research. Pressbooks, 2023, ch. 5. Available: https://oercollective.caul.edu.au/qualitative-research/chapter/unknown-5/
K. Nikolopoulou, "What is purposive sampling? Definition & examples," Scribbr, Jun. 22, 2023. Available: https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/purposive-sampling/
T. George, "Semi-structured interview | Definition, guide & examples," Scribbr, Jun. 22, 2023. Available: https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/semi-structured-interview/
V. Braun and V. Clarke, "Using thematic analysis in psychology," Qualitative Research in Psychology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 77–101, 2006. Available: http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/11735
Q. Deng, K. Lentejas, and S. X. Tong, "The Primacy of Prosody in Bilingual Reading Comprehension: Uncovering Morpholexical Pathways in First-Language Chinese and Phonolexical Pathways in Second-Language English," J. Speech, Lang., Hear. Res., vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 4304–4319, 2025. Available: doi:10.1044/2025_JSLHR-24-00143
Boudouaia, K. W. Htun, A. H. Al-Qadri, Y. Saroh, and A. Beddiaf, "Intercultural Sensitivity of English Language Teachers in Algeria," Cogent Educ., vol. 9, no. 1, Art. no. 2042034, 2022. Available: doi:10.1080/2331186X.2022.2042034
M. Hisaizumi and D. Tantam, "Enhanced Sensitivity to Pitch Perception and Its Possible Relation to Language Acquisition in Autism," Autism Dev. Lang. Impair., vol. 9, 2024. Available: doi:10.1177/23969415241248618
C. C. Muscat, M. Molnar, and J. Pejovic, "Language-Specific Sound-Shape Matching at 12-Months of Age," Lang. Learn. Dev., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 15–26, 2025. Available: doi:10.1080/15475441.2024.2334213
F. Woltran, M. Pozas, and S. Schwab, "Microcosm of Multilingualism: Examining Language Sensitivity through an In-Depth Case Study," Peabody J. Educ., vol. 100, no. 4, pp. 467–481, 2025. Available: doi:10.1080/0161956X.2025.2535920
R. R. Pecson, “Localization and contextualization in teaching K-12 Social Studies,” Jun. 01, 2014. Available: https://ryanramoletepecson.blogspot.com/2014/06/localization-and-contextualization-in.html
R. R. Pecson, “Interactive word guessing games: Enhancing the conceptual learning of Grade 8 and Grade 9 high school students in social studies,” Feb. 21, 2015. Available: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2779447
R. R. Pecson, “Self-learning kit in improving the academic performance of senior high school students,” May 14, 2020. Available: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3572917
R. R. Pecson, “Innovation skills of secondary teachers: Trajectory for technical assistance,” International Journal of Applied Educational Research (IJAER), vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 287–296, 2025. doi: 10.59890/ijaer.v3i5.123.
R. R. Pecson, “Pagtataya ng mga gurong mag-aaral sa mga salik kung bakit nahihirapan ang mga sekundaryang mag-aaral sa pag-aaral ng Araling Panlipunan (Assessment of student-teachers on the factors why the secondary students encountered difficulties in learning Social Studies),” International Journal of Research, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 155–164, 2025. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.16562310.
R. R. Pecson, “Effectiveness of QR-based modified strategic intervention materials in improving the academic performance of SHS students in Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences,” Indonesian Educational Research Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 52–61, 2025. doi: 10.56773/ierj.v3i2.88.
R. R. Pecson and M. S. Romero, “Design-based thinking among secondary student-teachers: Input for a contextualized teaching plan,” International Journal of Advanced Research and Innovative Ideas in Education, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 2557–2569, 2023.
R. R. Pecson, L. C. Canare, L. T. Olubia, M. S. Romero, and G. C. Adraneda, “Juxtaposing design-based thinking practices of secondary student-teachers during the internship program: Input for an improved pre-service training,” Social Sciences, Humanities and Education Journal (SHE Journal), vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 387–392, 2024. doi: 10.25273/she.v5i2.20977.
R. R. Pecson, L. C. Canare, L. T. Olubia, M. S. Romero, and G. C. Adraneda, “Dichotomy of design-based thinking intentions and practices among secondary student-teachers: Input for an instructional design teaching handbook,” International Journal of Social and Education, vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 1892–1901, 2024.
L. C. Canare, R. R. Pecson, L. T. Olubia, M. S. Romero, and G. C. Adraneda, “Design-based thinking intentions among secondary student-teachers: Implications to instructional delivery,” Indonesian Journal of Education (INJOE), vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 692–700, 2024. Available: https://injoe.org/index.php/INJOE/article/view/145
G. C. Magno, N. G. Bardemorilla, and R. R. Pecson, “Student teachers and cooperating teachers' practices in the 21st century classroom: Developing 21st century skills among learners,” International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 539–546, 2016.
R. R. Pecson and J. R. Sarmiento, “Student teaching and instructional materials in the 21st-century classroom: A literature review,” Indonesian Journal of Teaching in Science, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 55–60, 2025. doi: 10.17509/ijotis.v5i1.82628
Pecson & Morales, 2026
R. R. Pecson and F. E. Morales, “Praxes for culturally responsive teaching (CRT) in basic and higher education”, J. Bs. Edu. R, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 56-65, Jan. 2026. doi: 10.37251/jber.v7i1.2696
R. R. Pecson and J. Sarmiento, “Integrating 21st-century skills into instructional materials for sustainable education,” Indonesian Journal of Instructional Media and Model, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 89–99, 2024. doi: 10.32585/ijimm.v6i2.5934.
Domazetoska and H. Zhao, "First and Second Language Speakers’ Sensitivity to the Distributional Properties of 'Wh'-Clauses: Effects of Proficiency, Acquisitional Context, and Language Experience," Austral. Rev. Appl. Linguist., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 28–54, 2025. Available: doi:10.1075/aral.23011.dom
L. Taraban, D. S. Shaw, K. B. Nordahl, and A. Naerde, "Teaching Lessons, Learning Words: Mothers’ and Fathers’ Sensitivity during Teaching Uniquely Mediates Associations between Early Familial Socioeconomic Risk and Preschoolers’ Receptive Language Development," Child Dev., vol. 96, no. 5, pp. 1645–1659, 2025. Available: doi:10.1111/cdev.14260
S. Madigan, A. Plamondon, and J. M. Jenkins, "Association between Maternal Sensitivity and Child Receptive Language Development: Quasi-Causal Evidence Using a Sibling Comparison Design," Dev. Psychol., vol. 59, no. 12, pp. 2265–2276, 2023. Available: doi:10.1037/dev0001604
E. Foley, T. M. Olino, and M. Weinraub, "On the Broader Significance of Maternal Sensitivity: Mothers’ Early and Later Sensitive Parenting Matter to Children’s Language, Executive Function, Academics, and Self-Reliance," Dev. Sci., vol. 28, no. 1, Art. no. e13594, 2025. Available: doi:10.1111/desc.13594
P. O. Omane, T. Benders, and N. Boll-Avetisyan, "Vowel Harmony Preferences in Infants Growing Up in Multilingual Ghana (Africa)," Dev. Psychol., vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 1372–1383, 2024. Available: doi:10.1037/dev0001776
Copyright (c) 2026 Ryan Pecson, Normita Lugtu

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and acknowledge that the Journal of social knowledge education (JSKE) is the first publisher licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citation of published work.





.png)
.png)














