Entrepreneurial Contributions to Social Development: Insights from Practitioners and Stakeholders in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study is to assess the contributions of entrepreneurs in Phnom Penh to social development, focusing on four key dimensions: social cohesion, social inclusion, social empowerment, and social security.
Methodology: This study employed a quantitative research design using a structured online survey distributed via Google Forms. The survey included Likert-scale items to measure entrepreneurs' contributions to social development. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
Main Findings: The study found that entrepreneurs in Phnom Penh generally perceive themselves as contributing positively to social development, particularly in social cohesion (mean=3.68), social inclusion (mean=3.60), social empowerment (mean=3.71), and social security (mean=3.70). Entrepreneurs emphasized promoting peace, democracy, and inclusivity, with a notable focus on improving the lives of marginalized groups and fostering collaboration with various sectors to address social challenges.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study provides a novel insight into the specific contributions of entrepreneurs in Phnom Penh to social development, with a focus on social cohesion, inclusion, empowerment, and security. It advances existing knowledge by highlighting how entrepreneurs integrate social values into business practices and collaborate with stakeholders to address Cambodia's social challenges, offering new perspectives on entrepreneurship’s role in societal transformation.
References
W. J. Baumol, "Entrepreneurship: Productive, unproductive, and destructive," Journal of Political Economy, vol. 98, no. 5, Part 1, pp. 893–921, 1990, doi: 10.1086/261712.
D. B. Audretsch and A. R. Thurik, "Entrepreneurship, industry evolution and economic growth," in Advances in Austrian Economics, Bingley: Emerald, 2003, pp. 39–56, doi: 10.1016/S1529-2134(03)06003-4.
D. B. Audretsch, “What’s new about the new economy? Sources of growth in the managed and entrepreneurial economies,” Industrial and Corporate Change, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 267–315, Mar. 2001, doi: 10.1093/icc/10.1.267.
J. A. Schumpeter, The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry Into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest and the Business Cycle, Translated From the German by Redvers Opie, New Brunswick, U.S.A. and London, U.K.: Transaction Publishers, vol. 3, no. 2, 1934.
R. Hisrich, J. Langan-Fox, and S. Grant, “Entrepreneurship research and practice: A call to action for psychology,” American Psychologist, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 575–589, 2007, doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.62.6.575.
S. A. Zahra, E. Gedajlovic, D. O. Neubaum, and J. M. Shulman, “A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes, and ethical challenges,” Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 519–532, Sept. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.04.007.
T. J. Dean and J. S. McMullen, “Toward a theory of sustainable entrepreneurship: Reducing environmental degradation through entrepreneurial action,” Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 50–76, Jan. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.09.003.
World Bank, “Urban Development in Phnom Penh.pdf,” 2021.
K. Sothy, S. Mason, and S. Lim, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in Cambodia: The Roles of Academic Institutions, in CDRI Working Paper Series, vol. 118. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Cambodia Development Resource Institute, 2019.
M. D. Foo, B. Vissa, and B. Wu, “Entrepreneurship in emerging economies,” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 289–301, Sept. 2020, doi: 10.1002/sej.1363.
P. Vandenberg, P. Chantapacdepong, and N. Yoshino, Eds., SMEs in Developing Asia: New Approaches to Overcoming Market Failures. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute, 2016.
Securities and Exchange Commission of Cambodia, “Growth opportunities for Cambodian SMEs in the securities market,” Phnom Penh Post, 2024.
National Institute of Statistics, National Report on Final Census Results: Economic Census of Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Ministry of Planning, 2022.
D. J. Isenberg, The Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Strategy as a New Paradigm for Economic Policy: Principles for Cultivating Entrepreneurship, 2011.
S. Khieng, H. Dahles, M. Verver, and I. Manders, “Social entrepreneurship and tourism in Cambodia: Advancing community engagement,” Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 816–833, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1080/09669582.2019.1706544.
UN, World Social Report 2021: Reconsidering Rural Development, 2021.
S. Estrin, T. Mickiewicz, and U. Stephan, “Entrepreneurship, social capital, and institutions: Social and commercial entrepreneurship across nations,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 479–504, May 2013, doi: 10.1111/etap.12019.
A. M. Peredo and M. McLean, "Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept," Journal of World Business, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 56–65, Feb. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.jwb.2005.10.007.
D. Urbano, S. Aparicio, and D. Audretsch, "Twenty-five years of research on institutions, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: What has been learned?," Small Business Economics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 21–49, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s11187-018-0038-0.
J. Mair, J. Battilana, and J. Cardenas, "Organizing for society: A typology of social entrepreneurship models," Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 111, no. 3, pp. 353–373, Dec. 2012, doi: 10.1007/s10551-012-1414-3.
N. Zainol, A. Al Mamun, G. B. Ahmad, and D. Simpong, "Human capital and entrepreneurial competencies towards the performance of informal microenterprises in Kelantan, Malaysia," Economics and Sociology, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 31–50, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.14254/2071-789X.2018/11-4/2.
D. A. Shepherd and T. A. Williams, "Local venturing as compassion organizing in the aftermath of a natural disaster: The role of localness and community in reducing suffering," Journal of Management Studies, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 952–994, Sept. 2014, doi: 10.1111/joms.12084.
U. Stephan, L. M. Uhlaner, and C. Stride, "Institutions and social entrepreneurship: The role of institutional voids, institutional support, and institutional configurations," Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 308–331, Apr. 2015, doi: 10.1057/jibs.2014.38.
D. Totten, K. Linna, and M. Smiddy, Country Report Cambodia Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Assessment, 2019.
Sk. M. Hasan, E. A. Khan, and Md. N. U. Nabi, "Entrepreneurial education at university level and entrepreneurship development," Education and Training, vol. 59, no. 7/8, pp. 888–906, Aug. 2017, doi: 10.1108/ET-01-2016-0020.
A. Bryman, Social Research Methods, 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
E. Babbie, The Practice of Social Research, 2021.
A. Field, Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics, 5th ed. Newbury Park, Sage Publications, 2018.
G. D. Bruton, D. Ahlstrom, and H. L. Li, "Institutional theory and entrepreneurship: Where are we now and where do we need to move in the future?," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 421–440, May 2010, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00390.x.
Z. J. Acs, M. C. Boardman, and C. L. McNeely, "The social value of productive entrepreneurship," Small Business Economics, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 785–796, Apr. 2013, doi: 10.1007/s11187-011-9396-6.
F. Campbell, M. Johnson, J. Messina, L. Guillaume, and E. Goyder, “Behavioural interventions for weight management in pregnancy: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative data,” BMC Public Health, vol. 11, pp. 1–13, 2011, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2458-11-491
D. G. Willms, J. A. Best, D. W. Taylor, J. R. Gilbert, D. M. Wilson, E. A. Lindsay, and J. Singer, “A systematic approach for using qualitative methods in primary prevention research,” Med. Anthropol. Q., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 391–409, 1990, doi: 10.1525/maq.1990.4.4.02a00020
S. Em, “Exploring experimental research: Methodologies, designs, and applications across disciplines,” Designs, and Applications Across Disciplines, 2024, doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4801767
S. Em, “Clarifying the difference between publication and printing in the context of academic research,” SSRN, 2024, doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4850182.
M. Habes, S. Ali, and S. A. Pasha, “Statistical package for social sciences acceptance in quantitative research: From the technology acceptance model's perspective,” FWU J. Soc. Sci., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 34–46, 2021, doi: 10.51709/19951272/Winter-2021/3
S. Ansari, K. Munir, and T. Gregg, “Impact at the ‘bottom of the pyramid’: The role of social capital in capability development and community empowerment,” J. Manag. Stud., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 813–842, 2012, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2012.01042.x.
M. H. Emon and M. N. Nipa, “Exploring the gender dimension in entrepreneurship development: A systematic literature review in the context of Bangladesh,” Westcliff Int. J. Appl. Res., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 34–49, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://wijar.westcliff.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Emon-Nipa-.pdf.
J. Miklian and K. Hoelscher, “A new research approach for peace innovation,” Innov. Dev., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 189–207, 2018, doi: 10.1080/2157930X.2017.1349580.
J. Minhas and S. Sindakis, “Implications of social cohesion in entrepreneurial collaboration: A systematic literature review,” J. Knowl. Econ., pp. 1–32, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s13132-021-00810-0.
A. Soubelet and T. A. Salthouse, “Influence of social desirability on age differences in self-reports of mood and personality,” J. Pers., vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 741–762, 2011, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00700.x.
N. Bergen and R. Labonté, “‘Everything is perfect, and we have no problems’: Detecting and limiting social desirability bias in qualitative research,” Qual. Health Res., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 783–792, 2020, doi: 10.1177/1049732319889354.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bunheng Ban, Vithyea You, Pio Sario T

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and acknowledge that the Journal of social knowledge education (JSKE) is the first publisher licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citation of published work.