An Employer-Based Evaluation of the Job Performance of Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management Graduates
-
Purpose of the study: This study aimed to evaluate the job performance of Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management graduates of Kalinga State University as assessed by their employers.
Methodology: This study employed the survey research method and descriptive research design to assess the job performance of BS Hospitality Management graduates. The respondents consisted of owners, managers, and supervisors of 75 graduates from the academic years 2017–2020. Data were collected through the administration of a standardized questionnaire whose validity and reliability had been previously established, ensuring the accuracy and consistency of the responses obtained from the participants.
Main Findings: The majority of Bachelor of Science Hospitality Management graduates are regularly employed (47%), mostly in entry-level positions within 5–8 months of service (48%). Employer evaluations of 75 respondents revealed that graduate performance generally met expectations across all five job criteria: abilities, knowledge, and skills (60%); judgment and analysis (75%); communication skills (73%); leadership skills (75%); and attitude and behavior (62%). However, specific areas including accountability, advanced communication, and initiative were rated unacceptable by 7–10% of employers.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study advances existing knowledge by providing localized, employer-based evidence on the job performance of hospitality management graduates from a state university. Unlike generalized graduate studies, it identifies specific performance gaps in accountability, communication, initiative, and leadership, offering actionable recommendations for curriculum enhancement. By centering the employer's perspective over self-reported competencies, the study introduces a more objective lens in assessing graduate outcomes. Furthermore, its five-criteria performance framework with quantified ratings establishes a measurable institutional baseline for tracking graduate performance improvements in future studies.
-
How to cite
[1]D. G. Alejandrino, “An Employer-Based Evaluation of the Job Performance of Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management Graduates”, Jo. Soc. Know. Ed, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 387–398, Jul. 2026, doi: 10.37251/jske.v7i4.3198. -
20Abstract views14Downloads
Metrics — Badges
-
- W. Y. Ni, E. Ng, and Y. T. Chiang et al., "Examine the Relationships Between Health-Related Quality of Life, Achievement Motivation and Job Performance: The Case of Taiwan Hospitality Industry," BMC Psychol., vol. 10, art. no. 172, 2022, doi: 10.1186/s40359-022-00884-8.
- A. P. Kong, "The Dilemma Facing Higher Education and Industry in Tourism and Hospitality," SpringerPlus, vol. 4, no. S2, art. no. P2, 2015, doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-4-S2-P2.
- S. A. Richardt, S. Towner, G. Brent, and J. G. Castley, "An Industry Review of Recent Graduate Employees' Performance Compared to Workplace Expectations: An Environmental Science Case Study," Ind. High. Educ., vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 1–14, 2024, doi: 10.1177/09504222241250163. doi: 10.1177/09504222241250163.
- M. Mesa, "Employability Skills Among Hospitality Management Students in the Province of Albay Towards Designing Enrichment Competency," Int. J. Educ. Bus. Econ. Res. (IJEBER), vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 148–167, 2023.
- N. Wahab et al., "The Relationship Between Employability Skill and Job Mismatch Towards Graduates' Unemployment," Inf. Manage. Bus. Rev., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 1–10, 2023.
- M. Tomlinson, "Graduate Employability: A Review of Conceptual and Empirical Themes," High. Educ. Policy, vol. 25, pp. 407–431, 2012, doi: 10.1057/hep.2011.26.
- A. Cobo et al., "Global Employability Skills in the 21st Century Workplace: A Semi-Systematic Literature Review," Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 11, art. no. e21732, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21732.
- N. Chhinzer and A. M. Russo, "Employability Attributes of Hospitality Graduates and Expectations of Hotel Managers," J. Teach. Learn. Grad. Employability, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 88–103, 2023.
- G. R. Nabi, "Graduate Employment and Underemployment: Opportunity for Skill Use and Career Experiences Amongst Recent Business Graduates," Educ. Train., vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 371–382, 2003, doi: 10.1108/00400910310499947.
- A. Cobo et al., "Global Employability Skills in the 21st Century Workplace: A Semi-Systematic Literature Review," Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 11, art. no. e21732, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21732.
- S. Marneros, G. Papageorgiou, and A. Efstathiades, "Identifying Key Success Competencies for the Hospitality Industry: The Perspectives of Professionals," J. Teach. Travel Tour., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 237–261, 2020, doi: 10.1080/15313220.2020.1745732.
- S. E. Seibert, M. L. Kraimer, and P. A. Heslin, "Developing Career Resilience and Adaptability," Organ. Dyn., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 245–257, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.orgdyn.2016.07.009.
- N. P. Widyastuti, I. W. G. Supartha, and I. G. A. M. Dewi, "The Role of Organizational Commitment in Mediating the Effects of Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture on Employee Performance: Evidence from the Bali Regional Office of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights," Asia Pac. J. Manage. Educ., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 135–152, 2025, doi: 10.32535/apjme.v8i1.3832.
- H. J. Brits, "Assessing Employer Satisfaction: An Attempt to Enhance Graduate Employability at an Institution of Higher Learning," S. Afr. J. High. Educ., vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 39–53, 2018
- K. J. Batuto, K. M. Dunan, C. A. Paguyan, and L. P. Pingot, "Employers’ Feedback Towards the Performance of Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEEd) Graduates," Asian J. Educ. Soc. Stud., vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 754–772, 2025, doi: 10.9734/ajess/2025/v51i82275.
- E. Gürel and C. Demirhan İşcan, "Reviewing the 9th Grade English Curriculum with Stake’s Responsive Evaluation Model According to Teachers' Opinions," Çukurova Univ. Eğit. Fak. Derg., vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 501–554, 2020, doi: 10.14812/cuefd.623396.
- G. C. Dawaton, "Tracer Study of Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurship Graduates of Kalinga State University," J. Adv. Res. Soc. Sci. Humanit., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 86–96, 2021, doi: 10.26500/JARSSH-06-2021-0205.
- H. Prasetyo, "The Effects of Entrepreneurship Education on Students’ Attitudes, Social Norms, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Entrepreneurial Intentions: Evidence from Bandung, Indonesia," Asia Pac. J. Manage. Educ., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 171–189, 2025, doi: 10.32535/apjme.v8i1.3834.
- L. Jiang and G. Alexakis, "Comparing Students' and Managers' Perceptions of Essential Entry-Level Management Competencies in the Hospitality Industry: An Empirical Study," J. Hosp. Leis. Sport Tour. Educ., vol. 20, pp. 32–46, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jhlste.2017.01.001.
- H. F. Lu, "Enhancing University Student Employability Through Practical Experiential Learning in the Sport Industry: An Industry-Academia Cooperation Case from Taiwan," J. Hosp. Leis. Sport Tour. Educ., vol. 28, art. no. 100301, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jhlste.2021.100301.
- K. Sonnenschein and J. Ferguson, "Developing Professional Communication Skills: Perceptions and Reflections of Domestic and International Graduates," J. Univ. Teach. Learn. Pract., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1–18, 2020. doi: 10.3316/informit.T2025012400006700212596008.
- A. Preko and H. Anyigba, "The Tourism and Hospitality Career Progression Pathway," Int. Hosp. Rev., vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 54–80, 2024, doi: 10.1108/IHR-02-2022-0005.
- C. F. Tsai, C. P. Chang, T. L. Chen, and M. L. Hsu, "Exploring the Influence of Personality Traits, Self-Efficacy, and Creativity on Employability for Hospitality and Tourism College Students," Sustainability, vol. 16, no. 4, art. no. 1490, 2024, doi: 10.3390/su16041490.
- C. C. Shuttleworth and C. Williamson, "A Research Advisory Model Guiding Higher Degree Accounting Students and Supervisors to Become Part of a Community of Scholars," J. Account. Educ., vol. 61, art. no. 100812, 2022.
- International Labour Organization, "Tourism, Hotel and Food & Beverage Services," ILO, Geneva, Switzerland.
- EHL Hospitality Insights, "Key Hospitality Data & Industry Statistics to Watch for 2025," EHL, Lausanne, Switzerland, Jun. 2025.
- M. Mesa, "Employability Skills Among Hospitality Management Students in the Province of Albay Towards Designing Enrichment Competency," Int. J. Educ. Bus. Econ. Res. (IJEBER), vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 148–167, 2023.
- H. Tushar and N. Sooraksa, "Global Employability Skills in the 21st Century Workplace: A Semi-Systematic Literature Review," Heliyon, vol. 9, art. no. e21023, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21023.
- S. A. Richardt, S. Towner, G. Brent, and J. G. Castley, "An Industry Review of Recent Graduate Employees' Performance Compared to Workplace Expectations: An Environmental Science Case Study," Ind. High. Educ., vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 1–14, 2024.
- G. R. Nabi, "Graduate Employment and Underemployment: Opportunity for Skill Use and Career Experiences Amongst Recent Business Graduates," Educ. Train., vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 371–382, 2003, doi: 10.1108/00400910310499947.
- R. Sutrisno, W. Rafdinal, C. Septyandi, M. Gaffar, and E. Susanto, "Disentangling Digital Influences on Tourist Behavior: The Role of Trust and Destination Image in the Social Media Era," J. Tour. Hosp. Travel Manage., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 116–128, 2024, doi: 10.58229/jthtm.v2i2.318.
- L. L. Ngeope and N. Wakelin-Theron, "Employability Attributes of Hospitality Graduates and Expectations of Hotel Managers," J. Teach. Learn. Grad. Employability, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 88–103, 2023.
- R. Londhe, "The Importance of Team Work in Hospitality Industry for Interdepartmental Co-ordination," vol. 27, p. 69, 2024.
- G. Manahan et al., "Evaluating Job Performance Competence of Hospitality Management Graduates: Employer Perspectives from a Philippine State University," Int. J. Res. Innov. Soc. Sci. (IJRISS), vol. 10, no. 2, Feb. 2026, doi: 10.47772/IJRISS.
- S. R. Espellita Jr. and V. S. Maravilla Jr., "Employable Skills for Hospitality Graduates as Perceived Among Hotel Supervisors in Cebu City," J. Econ. Bus., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 515–530, 2019, doi: 10.31014/aior.1992.02.02.105.
- T. Alharethi, M. I. Awan, and M. S. Saleem, "Investigating the Impact of Internship Experience on Work Readiness Among Hospitality Program Students: The Moderating Role of Student Mindfulness," Front. Educ., 2025.
- S. Moussa and El-Yamani, "Coordinating, Planning, and Organizing Skills as Pronounced Skill Gaps Detected by Hotel Operators in Newly Hired Hospitality Graduates," Athens J. Tour., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 45–72, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.30958/ajt.11-1-2.
- E. Avleeva, J. W. Byrd, S. Pratt, and V. Gonzalez, "The Internship Experience: Students’ Self-Evaluations of Soft Skill Development During Hospitality Internships," J. Hosp. Leis. Sport Tour. Educ., vol. 36, art. no. 100552, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.jhlste.2025.100552.
- Y. Li, S. Marneros, A. Efstathiades, and G. Papageorgiou, "A Framework of Core Competencies for Effective Hotel Management in an Era of Turbulent Economic Fluctuations and Digital Transformation: The Case of Shanghai, China," Tour. Hosp., vol. 6, no. 3, art. no. 130, 2025, doi: 10.3390/tourhosp6030130.
- H. Jung, S. Lee, and S. Lim, "Enhancing Teamwork in the Hospitality Industry: The Importance of Empathy," Int. J. Hosp. Manage., vol. 114, art. no. 103557, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2023.103557.
- M. Lan, Z. Hu, and T. Nie, "Unwilling or Unable? The Impact of Role Clarity and Job Competence on Frontline Employees’ Taking Charge Behaviors in Hospitality Industry," Behav. Sci., vol. 15, no. 4, art. no. 526, 2025, doi: 10.3390/bs15040526.
- D. Chissom, "Post-Pandemic Trends in the Hospitality Industry," J. Mod. Hosp., vol. 3, pp. 1–13, 2024, doi: 10.47941/jmh.1961.
- G. S. Becker, Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. Chicago, IL, USA: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1964, doi: 10.7208/chicago/9780226041223.001.0001.
- S. S. Felicen, "Tracer Study for Bachelor of Science in International Hospitality Management Graduates (2013–2016)," Asia Pacific J. Educ. Perspect., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 45–58, 2022.
- R. A. Mejia, M. M. Fernandez, S. V. Mangrobang, G. C. Tersona, and V. T. Bernal, "Tracer Study of BS Hospitality Management Graduates of Pangasinan State University, Lingayen Campus for S.Y. 2015-2019," 2020.
- D. G. A. Alejandrino, V. A. Abesamis, and G. A. K. C. Caldingon, "Tracer Study of BS Hotel and Restaurant Management in Kalinga State University," Int. J. Teach. Learn. Educ., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 4–9, 2024.
- J. P. Hausknecht and C. O. Trevor, "Collective Turnover at the Group, Unit, and Organizational Levels: Evidence, Issues, and Implications," J. Manage., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 352–388, 2011, doi: 10.1177/0149206310383910.
- M. M. Robles, "Executive Perceptions of the Top 10 Soft Skills Needed in Today’s Workplace," Bus. Commun. Q., vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 453–465, 2012, doi: 10.1177/1080569912460400.
- S. Talawanich and W. Wattanacharoensil, "Transforming Graduates Into Successful Hotel Management Trainees: Exploring Important Management Trainee Competencies," J. Teach. Travel Tour., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 43–71, 2021, doi: 10.1080/15313220.2020.1809049.
- G. Busby, "Tourism Degree Internships: A Longitudinal Study," J. Vocat. Educ. Train., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 319–334, 2003, doi: 10.1080/1363820300200232.
- M. Raybould and H. Wilkins, "Over Qualified and Under Experienced: Turning Graduates into Hospitality Managers," Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manage., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 203–216, 2005, doi: 10.1108/09596110510591891.
- A. Zopiatis and P. Constanti, "Extraversion, Openness and Conscientiousness: The Route to Transformational Leadership in the Hotel Industry," Leadership Organ. Dev. J., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 86–104, 2012, doi: 10.1108/01437731211193133.
- N. D'Annunzio-Green, G. Maxwell, S. Watson, and P. Barron, "Education and Talent Management: Implications for the Hospitality Industry," Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manage., vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 730–742, 2008, doi: 10.1108/09596110810897583.
- T. Baum, "Reflections on the Nature of Skills in the Experience Economy: Challenging Traditional Skills Models in Hospitality," J. Hosp. Tour. Manage., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 124–135, 2006, doi: 10.1375/jhtm.13.2.124.
- D. Nickson, C. Warhurst, J. Commander, S. A. Hurrell, and A. M. Cullen, "Soft Skills and Employability: Evidence From UK Retail," Econ. Ind. Democracy, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 65–84, 2012, doi: 10.1177/0143831X11427589.
- B. G. Chung-Herrera, C. A. Enz, and M. J. Lankau, "Grooming Future Hospitality Leaders: A Competencies Model," Cornell Hotel Restaur. Adm. Q., vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 17–25, 2003, doi: 10.1016/S0010-8804(03)90266-7.
- K. V. D. Sibulan, T. M. B. Dela Cruz, and M. S. Del Monte, "Employers' Feedback on Hospitality Management Graduates From Palawan State University: A Mixed-Methods Study," Int. J. Multidiscip. Appl. Bus. Educ. Res., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 2464–2479, 2025, doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.06.05.27.
- P. Baluyut, "Bridging the Gap: Preparing Students for the Real World of Tourism and Hospitality Management at State Universities," Int. J. Cult. Hist. Relig., vol. 7, no. SI3, pp. 225–238, 2025. doi: 10.63931/ijchr.v7iSI3.322.
- L. L. Ngoepe and N. Wakelin-Theron, "Employability Attributes of Hospitality Graduates and Expectations of Hotel Managers," J. Teach. Learn. Grad. Employability, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 88–103, 2023, doi: 10.21153/jtlge2023vol14no1art1663.