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Integrated Science Education Journal

an Open Access Journal

A Constraint-Based Hierarchical Energy Management Strategy for Peak Shaving in PV–Wind–Battery Hybrid Systems

Syahrul Ramadhan
Universitas Darma Persada ROR
Indonesia
Syahrulsetara@gmail.com
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  • Purpose of the study: Peak load fluctuations can increase diesel generator loading and trigger standby-generator operation. This study develops and evaluates a constraint-based hierarchical Energy Management System (EMS) for peak shaving in a PV–wind–battery hybrid system while maintaining the existing Power Management System (PMS) as the primary controller.

    Methodology: An analytical case study and numerical simulation were conducted using operational load data and the designed hybrid configuration. The system comprises 57.6 kWp PV, 15 kW vertical-axis wind turbines, a 141.12 kWh VRLA battery bank, and three 20 kW hybrid inverters. A rule-based EMS was formulated to account for PMS loading thresholds, renewable power availability, inverter capacity, battery State of Charge (SoC), and voltage and current constraints. The PMS threshold was maintained at 824.4 kW, with an EMS dispatch trigger of 764.4 kW.

    Main Findings: The hybrid system provides up to 60 kW of peak support under favorable conditions. Battery-only output is limited to approximately 43.1 kW at 43.2 V and a combined discharge current of 1,050 A. The theoretical load boundary without exceeding the PMS threshold is 884.4 kW. For a 916.1 kW load spike, 60 kW support reduces residual generator load to 856.1 kW, resulting in partial peak shaving.

    Novelty/Originality of this study: The proposed framework integrates constraint-based EMS dispatch with PMS authority without modifying the existing PMS philosophy, enabling early peak support, battery-aware dispatch, and fail-safe operation. This provides a practical framework for hybrid power systems with constrained generation capacity.

  • How to cite

    [1]
    “A Constraint-Based Hierarchical Energy Management Strategy for Peak Shaving in PV–Wind–Battery Hybrid Systems”, In. Sci. Ed. J, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 908–927, Sep. 2026, doi: 10.37251/isej.v7i5.3762.

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