Enabling Factor Dominance in Women Farmer Group Participation: Time Availability and Production Resource Access
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37251/isej.v7i3.3126Keywords:
Enabling Factors, Intention-Behavior Gap, Member Participation, Production Resource Access, Time Availability, Women Farmer GroupAbstract
Purpose of the study: This study analyzed the simultaneous and partial influences of seven internal and external factors: age, education level, motivation, time availability, family support, access to production resources, and group management.
Methodology: A census-based quantitative survey enrolled all 40 KWT members as respondents. Structured Likert-scale (1–5) questionnaires were administered and validated through item-total correlation analysis (r-critical = 0.312) and Cronbach's alpha reliability testing (α = 0.897). Ordinal data were transformed to an interval scale using the Method of Successive Intervals (MSI). Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression in SPSS v.25, preceded by normality (Kolmogorov–Smirnov), multicollinearity (VIF), heteroscedasticity (Glejser), and autocorrelation (Durbin–Watson) assumption tests at α = 0.05.
Main Findings: All seven variables simultaneously and significantly influenced member participation (F = 11.002; p = 0.000; R² = 70.6%). Partial analysis confirmed that only time availability (β = 0.361; p = 0.005) and production resource access (β = 0.430; p = 0.007) were significant predictors, with production resource access being the strongest. Age, education level, motivation, family support, and group management showed no significant partial effects, with group management exhibiting a negative coefficient attributable to the free-rider effect.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study empirically demonstrates that enabling factors, time availability, and access to production resources dominate psychological, demographic, and managerial factors in determining actual KWT member participation. It simultaneously tests seven internal and external variables in a food-production-based empowerment context, reveals the intention-behavior gap mechanism, and proposes a structural-barrier-reduction framework for empowering agricultural women’s groups.
References
[1] H. Hermanto and D. K. S. Swastika, “Penguatan kelompok tani: Langkah awal peningkatan kesejahteraan petani [Strengthening farmer groups: The first step to improving farmer welfare],” Analsis Kebijak. Pertan., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 371–390, 2011, doi: 10.21082/akp.v9n4.2011.371-390.
[2] R. Al Nido, R. Windiasih, A. I. Sulaiman, K. Muatip, and L. K. Sari, “Model pemberdayaan kelompok wanita tani (KWT) melalui modal sosial untuk menjaga kohesivitas kelompok: Indonesia [Empowerment model of women farmer groups (KWT) through social capital to maintain group cohesiveness: Indonesia],” Agrivet: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian Dan Peternakan (Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Veteriner), vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 117-132, 2024, doi: 10.31949/agrivet.v12i1.10088.
[3] A. Abdu, G. S. Marquis, E. K. Colecraft, N. D. Dodoo, and F. Grimard, “The association of women’s participation in farmer-based organizations with female and male empowerment and its implication for nutrition-sensitive agriculture interventions in rural Ghana,” Current Developments in Nutrition, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 1–11, 2022, doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzac121.
[4] A. E. A. Widiastuti, S. Sugihardjo, and S. Anantanyu, “Partisipasi anggota kelompok wanita tani (kwt) dalam mewujudkan ketahanan pangan rumah tangga di Kecamatan Colomadu Kabupaten Karanganyar [Participation of women farmers' group members (KWT) in realizing household food security in Colomadu District, Karanganyar Regency],” J. Indones. Sos. Sains, vol. 3, no. 7, 2022, doi: 10.36418/jiss.v3i7.644.
[5] D. Prawiranegara, Sumardjo, D. P. Lubis, and S. Harijati, “Strengthening role of farmer institution in enhance of innovation capability based on ICT in West Java Province, Indonesia,” Int. J. Humanit. Soc. Sci., vol. 5, no. 12, 2015, doi: 10.36418/jiss.v3i7.644.
[6] S. C. Siburian, D. Padmaningrum, and S. Suwarto, “Hubungan dinamika kelompok dengan tingkat partisipasi anggota kelompok wanita tani dalam program kawasan rumah pangan lestari (KRPL) di Kecamatan Ampel, Kabupaten Boyolali [The relationship between group dynamics and the level of participation of women farmer group members in the sustainable food house area (KRPL) program in Ampel District, Boyolali Regency],” J. Integr. Agric. Socio-Economics Entrep. Res., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 27, 2023, doi: 10.26714/jiasee.2.1.2023.27-34.
[7] D. A. S. Sipakar, S. Nurlaela, and S. Sujono, “Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi motivasi petani dalam pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan [Factors that influence farmers' motivation in utilizing yard land],” J-Dinamika J. Pengabdi. Masy., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 519–525, 2022, doi: 10.25047/j-dinamika.v7i3.3375.
[8] A. A. Mulema, W. Jogo, E. Damtew, K. Mekonnen, and P. Thorne, “Women farmers’ participation in the agricultural research process: implications for agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia,” International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 127-145, 2019, doi: 10.1080/14735903.2019.1569578.
[9] N. A. Widyasari, R. Nalinda, and Ds. Astuti, “Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi partisipasi kelompok wanita tani dalam pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan (Studi Kasus di Desa Trihanggo, Kecamatan Gamping, Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta) [Factors influencing the participation of women farmers' groups in the utilization of yard land (Case Study in Trihanggo Village, Gamping District, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta)],” Pros. Semin. Nas. Kefarmasian Ke-3, vol. 4, pp. 75–80, 2022.
[10] M. Bosnjak, I. Ajzen, and P. Schmidt, “Editorial the theory of planned behavior: Selected recent advances and applications,” Eur. J. Psychol., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 352–356, 2020, doi: 10.5964/ejop.v16i3.3107.
[11] S. Sun, X. Wen, S. Jie, Q. Gao, Y. Zhu, and S. Wen, “Drivers of farmers’ intention to use the digital agricultural management system: Integrating theory of planned behavior and behavioral economics,” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 13, pp. 1–8, 2022, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.901169.
[12] J. M. Cohen and N. T. Uphoff, “Participation’s place in rural development: Seeking clarity through specificity,” World Dev., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 213–235, 1980, doi: 10.1016/0305-750X(80)90011-X.
[13] J. W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, And Mixed Methods Approaches, in Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publication, 2014.
[14] W. L. Neuman, Social Research Methods: Qualitative And Quantitative Approaches, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2014.
[15] S. Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D [Quantitative, Qualitative, and R&D Research Methods], Bandung: Alfabeta, 2017.
[16] I. Ghozali, Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program IBM SPSS 25 [Multivariate analysis application with IBM SPSS 25 program], Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, 2018.
[17] R. Riduan and E. A. Kuncoro, Cara Menggunakan dan Memakai Path Analysis (Analisis Jalur) [How to Use and Apply Path Analysis]. Alfabeta, 2007.
[18] T. D. Nath, and D. Athinuwat, “Key factors of women empowerment in organic farming,” GeoJournal, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 2501-2520, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10708-020-10211-6.
[19] T. Lemma and M. Sharma, “Motivations for women’s participation in urban agriculture: A multivariate probit model analysis,” Int. J. Agric. Sustain., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2024, doi: 10.1080/14735903.2024.2379893.
[20] M. N. Asadullah, and U. Kambhampati, “Feminization of farming, food security and female empowerment,” Global Food Security, vol. 29, pp. 100532, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100532.
[21] Y. Yusriadin, A. Mas’uf, R. H. Purwanti, P. Syarni, N. B. Pandangaran, T. Buana, and M. Mardin, “Hubungan dan pengaruh motivasi, partisipasi dan adopsi teknologi petani terhadap produktivitas lahan usaha tani jagung Di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan [The relationship and influence of farmer motivation, participation and technology adoption on the productivity of corn farming land in South Konawe Regency],” J. Ilm. Penyul. dan Pengemb. Masy., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 352–360, 2024, doi: 10.56189/jippm.v4i4.46.
[22] O. Anwarudin, S. Sumardjo, A. Satria, and A. Fatchiya, “Peranan Penyuluh Pertanian Dalam Mendukung Keberlanjutan Agribisnis Petani Muda Di Kabupaten Majalengka,” J. Agribisnis Terpadu, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 17–36, 2020, doi: 10.33512/jat.v13i1.7984.
[23] B. Salcinovic, M. Drew, P. Dijkstra, G. Waddington, and B. G. Serpell, “Factors influencing team performance: What can support teams in high-performance sport learn from other industries? A systematic scoping review,” Sports Medicine-Open, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 25, 2022, doi: 10.1186/s40798-021-00406-7.
[24] A. I. Almonia, “Effectiveness of collaborative and individualized learning on the learners’ achievement in science among pupils,” In. Sci. Ed. J, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 115–124, 2024, doi: 10.37251/isej.v5i2.482.
[25] M. M. Morshed, “An integrative model of green sustainable science, environmental awareness, and eco-friendly practices in community life,” In. Sci. Ed. J., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 25–32, 2026, doi: 10.37251/isej.v7i1.2134.
[26] F. D. Untari, D. Sadono, and E. Lukman, “Partisipasi anggota kelompok tani dalam pengembangan usahatani hortikultura [Participation of farmer group members in developing horticultural farming businesses],” J. Penyul., vol. 18, no. 01, pp. 87–104, 2022, doi: 10.25015/18202236031.
[27] S. Syafruddin and M. Risal, “Factors influencing the participation of women farmer groups in agricultural extension in Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi,” vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 90–99, 2024, doi: 10.35891/agx.v15i1.4026.
[28] S. H. Hamilton et al., “Affecting behavioural change through empowerment: Conceptual insights from theory and agricultural case studies in South Asia,” Reg. Environ. Chang., 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10113-022-01939-7.
[29] M. M. Jackson, A. Abdallah, and O. Alfaki, “Advancing sustainable development goal 6: Innovations, challenges, and pathways for clean water and sanitation,” In. Sci. Ed. J, vol. 6, no. 3, 2025, doi: 10.37251/isej.v6i3.2114.
[30] T. Lemma, and M. Sharma, “Motivations for women’s participation in urban agriculture: A multivariate probit model analysis,” International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 2379893, 2024, doi: 10.1080/14735903.2024.2379893.
[31] N. B. A. Yousif, S. A. R. Mohammed, E. Youssef, and S. Behari, “The influence of female farmers in digital urban agriculture in khartoum state: Examining gender challenges and opportunities,” Sustainability, vol. 17, no. 22, pp. 10083, 2025, doi: 10.3390/su172210083.
[32] L. Sanjuan-Agudelo, F. Parada-Molina, A. Nadal, C. López-Eccher, E. Muñoz, and J. Rieradevall, “Urban agriculture: The role of female practitioners in a Latin American city model,” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol. 112, pp. 128911, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128911.
[33] C. C. Olumba, and J. O. Alimba, “An assessment of discriminatory factors contributing to gender inequality among farmers participating in urban agriculture in Southeast Nigeria,” SN Social Sciences, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 44, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s43545-022-00348-1.
[34] C. Doss, and C. Gottlieb, “Gendered patterns of labor in agriculture,” Agricultural Economics, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 431-445, 2025, doi: 10.1111/agec.70012.
[35] K. L. Maharjan, and C. M. Gonzalvo, “Examining farmers’ willingness to learn environmental conservation agriculture: Implications for women farmer empowerment in Bagmati Province, Nepal,” Agriculture, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 726, 2025, doi: 10.3390/agriculture15070726.
[36] X. Yang, and A. Esmaeili, “Exploring factors influencing sustainable behaviors in undergraduate students’ sports participation through model development and validation,” Scientific Reports, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 35460, 2025, doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-19284-0.
[37] C. Zou, Y. Peng, and H. Han, “Understanding participation psychology in rural cultural activities: internal and external drivers toward regional cultural sustainability,” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 16, pp. 1688408, 2025, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1688408.
[38] T. Rahmania, “Exploring school environmental psychology in children and adolescents: The influence of environmental and psychosocial factors on sustainable behavior in Indonesia,” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 18, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37881.
[39] T. Gu, E. Hao, L. Ma, X. Liu, and L. Wang, “Exploring the determinants of residents’ behavior towards participating in the sponge-style old community renewal of China: Extending the theory of planned behavior,” Land, vol. 11, no. 811(8), 1160, 2022, doi: 10.3390/land11081160.
[40] J. Huang, and Y. Liu, “Influential factors of corporate involvement in community resilience governance from the perspective of symbiosis theory,” Frontiers in Energy Research, vol. 12, pp. 1394159, 2024, doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1394159.
[41] J. R. Siahaan, G. Pagalung, E. B. Demmallino, A. Saleng, A. A. Sulaiman, and N. Nagu, “Reframing sustainability in post-mining landscapes: A foundational framework for institutional and behavioral integration in Indonesia,” Sustainability, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 5278, 2025, doi: 10.3390/su17125278.
[42] S. H. Hamilton, W. S. Merritt, L. Carter, A. Chakraborty, M. Cosijn, L. Lim-Camacho, R. Mishra, M. Das, and D. Ray, “Affecting behavioural change through empowerment: conceptual insights from theory and agricultural case studies in South Asia,” Regional Environmental Change, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 85, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10113-022-01939-7.
[43] S. Freed, R. C. Voss, T. Falk, A. M. Rietveld, V. Alary, V. G. Chimonyo, ... and T. Zingwena, “Agency and behavior change in agricultural research for development: New directions for guiding agri-food system transformations. Agricultural systems, 228, 104399, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2025.104399.
[44] K. Ofosu-Ampong, W. Abera, A. Müller, S. Adjei-Nsiah, R. Boateng, and B. Acheampong, “Framing behaviour change for sustainable agriculture: Themes, approaches, and future directions,” Farming System, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 100123, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.farsys.2024.100123.
[45] C. A. Torres-Vitolas, S. C. Trienekens, W. Zaadnoordijk, and A. N. Gouvras, “Behaviour change interventions for the control and elimination of schistosomiasis: a systematic review of evidence from low-and middle-income countries,” PLoS neglected tropical diseases, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. e0011315, 2023, doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011315.
[46] A. Regan, A. Burrell, C. McKernan, H. Martin, T. Benson, C. McAloon, E. G. Manzanilla, and M. Dean, “Behaviour change interventions for responsible antimicrobial use on farms,” Irish Veterinary Journal, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 8, 2023, doi: 10.1186/s13620-023-00236-x.
[47] J. Maltby, “Avoiding siloed approaches: Integrating psychological insights into sustainable farming,” PloS One, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. e0301881, 2024, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301881.
[48] Z. Zhou, Y. Zhang, and Z. Yan, “Will digital financial inclusion increase Chinese farmers’ willingness to adopt agricultural technology?,” Agriculture, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1514, 2022, doi: 10.3390/agriculture12101514.
[49] R. Tombe, and H. Smuts, “Agricultural social networks: An agricultural value chain-based digitalization framework for an inclusive digital economy,” Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 6382, 2023, doi: 10.3390/app13116382.
[50] N. Ndege, F. Marshall, and R. Byrne, “Exploring inclusive innovation: A case study in operationalizing inclusivity in digital agricultural innovations in Kenya,” Agricultural systems, vol. 219, pp. 104033, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2024.104033.
[51] A. A. Vărzaru, “Digital revolution in agriculture: Using predictive models to enhance agricultural performance through digital technology,” Agriculture, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 258, 2025, doi: 10.3390/agriculture15030258.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ivana Nastia Az Zahra, Siwitri Munambar, Endah Puspitojati
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and acknowledge that the Integrated Science Education Journal is the first publisher licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citation of published work.
.png)
.png)
