Exploring the Potential of Mangrove Leaf Extracts as Natural Preservatives for Protein-Rich Fish: Evidence from Chanos chanos
Keywords:
Ethanolic Extract, Milkfish (Chanos chanos), Natural Preservative, Protein Content, Rhizophora mucronate
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study aims to analyze the effect of ethanolic extract of Rhizophora mucronata leaves at different concentrations and preservation times on the protein content of milkfish (Chanos chanos), to determine the optimal extract concentration for maintaining protein quality during storage.
Methodology: This study used an experimental laboratory design with milkfish (Chanos chanos) treated using ethanolic extracts of Rhizophora mucronata leaves. Tools included a rotary evaporator (IKA RV 10), analytical balance (Ohaus Pioneer), freeze dryer (Labconco), and Kjeldahl apparatus (Velp Scientifica). Protein analysis followed AOAC (2005) using SPSS v26 for Two-Way ANOVA.
Main Findings: The study found that increasing concentrations of ethanolic extract of Rhizophora mucronata leaves led to higher protein content in milkfish (Chanos chanos). The highest protein level was observed at 50 ppm concentration with 12-hour preservation. Two-Way ANOVA showed significant effects of concentration and time individually, but no significant interaction between the two factors (P = 0.148 > 0.05).
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study is the first to evaluate the effect of Rhizophora mucronata ethanolic leaf extract on the protein content of milkfish (Chanos chanos) under Philippine conditions. It introduces a natural, eco-friendly preservation approach, advancing current knowledge on the use of mangrove bioactive compounds to maintain fish protein quality during post-harvest storage.
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[22] J. Mei, X. Ma, and J. Xie, “Review on natural preservatives for extending fish shelf life,” Foods (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 8, no. 10, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.3390/foods8100490.
[2] A. Pacific, I. Angeles-Agdeppa, E. Goyena, C. Javier, A. Ducay, and E. Ferrer, “The State of Fish in Nutrition Systems in the Philippines A report prepared for Oceana,” 2022.
[3] V. Nopiyanti, A. S. Fahmi, F. Swastawati, R. A. Kurniasih, and P. H. Riyadi, “Product characteristics, amino acid and fatty acid profiles of milkfish (Chanos chanos) with different cooking methods,” Food Res., vol. 7, no. Supplementary 3, pp. 86–96, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.26656/fr.2017.7(S3).12.
[4] C. G. Sotelo, C. Piñeiro, and R. I. Pérez-Martín, “Denaturation of fish proteins during frozen storage: role of formaldehyde.,” Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., vol. 200, no. 1, pp. 14–23, 1995, doi: 10.1007/BF01192902.
[5] R. C. Baptista, C. N. Horita, and A. S. Sant’Ana, “Natural products with preservative properties for enhancing the microbiological safety and extending the shelf-life of seafood: A review.,” Food Res. Int., vol. 127, p. 108762, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108762.
[6] J. Shi et al., “Evaluation of some artificial food preservatives and natural plant extracts as antimicrobial agents for safety,” Discov. Food, vol. 4, no. 1, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s44187-024-00162-z.
[7] F. J. Martí-Quijal, S. Khubber, F. Remize, I. Tomasevic, E. Roselló-Soto, and F. J. Barba, “Obtaining antioxidants and natural preservatives from food by-products through fermentation: a review,” Fermentation, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1–11, 2021, doi: 10.3390/fermentation7030106.
[8] E. Teshome, S. F. Forsido, H. P. V. Rupasinghe, and E. Olika Keyata, “Potentials of natural preservatives to enhance food safety and shelf life: a review,” ScientificWorldJournal., vol. 2022, p. 9901018, 2022, doi: 10.1155/2022/9901018.
[9] N. B. Sadeer et al., “Untargeted metabolomic profiling, multivariate analysis and biological evaluation of the true mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata Lam.).,” Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 8, no. 10, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.3390/antiox8100489.
[10] R. Rahmawati, Y. A. Sanjaya, Y. S. Pratiwi, E. P. N. Hendrawan, Z. N. Salsabila, and T. Amalia, “Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of rhizopora mucronata mangrove leaf extract from mangrove botanical garden, Surabaya City, Esat Java,” J. Perikan. Univ. Gadjah Mada, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 1, 2025, doi: 10.22146/jfs.90770.
[11] S. Egra et al., “Aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak bakau (Rhizophora mucronata) dalam menghambat pertumbuhan ralstonia solanacearum penyebab penyakit layu [Antimicrobial activity of mangrove extract (Rhizophora mucronata) in inhibiting the growth of Ralstonia solanacearum whi,” Agrovigor J. Agroekoteknologi, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 26, 2019, doi: 10.21107/agrovigor.v12i1.5143.
[12] K. Chakraborty, M. Joy, and V. K. Raola, “Anti-inflammatory β-sitosterols from the Asiatic loop-root mangrove Rhizophora mucronata attenuate 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 enzymes,” Steroids, vol. 172, p. 108860, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108860.
[13] G. Cuenca-Ocay, Y. N. Bualan, and E. Macusi, “Philippine mangroves: species composition, characteristics, diversity, and present status,” Davao Res. J., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 6–29, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.59120/drj.v12i2.113.
[14] W. C. Nabua, A. T. Roxas, and W. H. Uy, “The status of mangroves in Panguil Bay, Philippines,” AACL Bioflux, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 3079–3092, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://bioflux.com.ro/docs/2023.3079-3092.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
[15] F. Paputungan and P. V. Y. Yamlean, “Testing the effectivenessof the ethanol oil extract of black rake leaves (Rhizophora Mucronata Lamk) and testing the process of healing backback wounds infected bacteria staphylococcus aureus,” Pharmacon, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 15–26, 2014.
[16] M. F. El Basuini et al., “Effects of mangrove (Avicennia marina) leaf aqueous extract on growth, immunity, and hypoxia tolerance in gray mullet (Liza ramada).,” Aquac. Nutr., vol. 2025, p. 2381301, 2025, doi: 10.1155/anu/2381301.
[17] I. Permatasari, J. Jumiati, and M. Zainuddin, “Analisa ektrak daun mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata) sebagai bahan pengawet alami terhadap mutu ikan kuniran (Upeneus Moluccensis) [Analysis of mangrove leaf extract (Rhizophora mucronata) as a natural preservative for the quality of kuniran fish (Upeneus ,” J. Miyang Ronggolawe Fish. Mar. Sci. J., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 20–24, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.55719/j.miy.v1i1.364.
[18] N. A. Saimima, A. Rahman, and D. N. Manuhutu, “Pengaruh perendaman ekstrak daun mangrove (Sonneratia caseolaris) terhadap penilaian mutu organoleptik ikan kuwe (Gnathanodon speciosus) segar [The effect of soaking mangrove leaf extract (Sonneratia caseolaris) on the organoleptic quality assessment of f,” Trit. J. Manaj. Sumberd. Perair., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 25–34, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.30598/TRITONvol17issue1page25-34.
[19] L. Linayati et al., “Uji fitokimia dan efektivitas anti bakteri pada rhizophora mucronata terhadap bakteri Vibrio harvei serta potensinya untuk pertumbuhan udang vaname (Litopenaeus vanname) [Phytochemical test and antibacterial effectiveness of Rhizophora mucronata against V,” Sains Akuakultur Trop. Indones. J. Trop. Aquac., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 155–167, 2025, doi: 10.14710/sat.v9i2.27440.
[20] L. F. Mulyani, S. Dwiyanti, and D. Diniariwisan, “Effect of Rhizophora mucronata leaf extract on immunity of Cyprinus rubrofuscus infected by Aeromonas hydrophila,” Bawal Widya Ris. Perikan. Tangkap, vol. 17, no. April, pp. 36–45, 2025, doi: 10.15578/bawal.17.1.2025.36-45.
[21] M. Mahmiah, S. P. Rama, and P. Riwanti, “Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak metanol kulit batang Rhizophora mucronata poiret terhadap Salmonella thypi, Lignières 1900 (Enterobacteriaceae :Antibacterial activity of methanol extract of Rhizophora mucronata poiret stem bark against Salmonella thypi, Lig,” J. Kelaut. Trop., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 175–182, May 2020, doi: 10.14710/jkt.v23i2.5577.
[22] J. Mei, X. Ma, and J. Xie, “Review on natural preservatives for extending fish shelf life,” Foods (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 8, no. 10, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.3390/foods8100490.
Published
2026-01-01
How to Cite
Cala, R. F., Durotan, R., & Asna, M. (2026). Exploring the Potential of Mangrove Leaf Extracts as Natural Preservatives for Protein-Rich Fish: Evidence from Chanos chanos. Journal of Academic Biology and Biology Education, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.37251/jouabe.v2i2.2277
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Articles
Copyright (c) 2026 Ranulfo Friolo Cala, Rodeon Durotan, Mudrikatul Asna
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