The Effect of Health Education Simulation on First Aid on Students' Knowledge Level
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of health education simulations about first aid on students' level of knowledge.
Methodology: This study used a pre-experimental research design with a one-group pre-post test design. The population was 11th-grade Science students. The sampling technique used was a total sampling of 45 students. A questionnaire was used to measure the students' knowledge levels.
Main Findings: Based on the Wilcoxon test, the p-value was 0.001 (p <0.05). This indicates that the health education simulation on first aid has an effect on students' knowledge levels.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This research can be used as a development of knowledge for junior high school students so that they know and are able to apply and simulate first aid at school.
References
J. Navrátilová and M. Fico, “When they are not at school: the involvement of socially disadvantaged pupils in extracurricular activities through a Bourdieusian lens,” Int. Stud. Sociol. Educ., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 505–525, 2025, doi: 10.1080/09620214.2025.2466547.
V. Beranek, P. Stastny, and V. Novacek, “School injuries and their prevention from the present perspective,” Balt. J. Heal. Phys. Act., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 45–53, 2021, doi: 10.29359/BJHPA.13.1.06.
P. León-Guereño, L. Cid-Aldama, H. Galindo-Domínguez, and A. Amezua-Urrutia, “Effectiveness of an Intervention to Enhance First Aid Knowledge among Early Childhood Education Students: A Pilot Study,” Children, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 1–11, 2023, doi: 10.3390/children10071252.
U. B.-A. Ordu, “The Role of Teaching and Learning Aids/Methods in a Changing World,” Bulg. Comp. Educ. Soc., vol. 9, pp. 210–216, 2021.
J. M. Parada-Espinosa, S. Ortega-Gómez, M. Ruiz-Muñoz, and J. González-Silva, “Teaching Methodologies for First Aid in Physical Education in Secondary Schools: A Systematic Review,” Healthc., vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 1–19, 2025, doi: 10.3390/healthcare13101112.
J. Á. García-Blaya, J. A. Abraldes, and R. Vaquero-Cristóbal, “Assessment of First Aid Knowledge at Different Stages of Education,” Healthc., vol. 13, no. 13, pp. 1–28, 2025, doi: 10.3390/healthcare13131507.
A. Aljawfi, R. Hassanen, and S. Sharkawy, “Knowledge and Practices of Engineering Students about First Aid at Assiut University,” Assiut Sci. Nurs. J., vol. 10, no. 33, pp. 205–214, 2022, doi: 10.21608/asnj.2023.179439.1468.
E. M. Shaker, “Assessment of the First Aid Knowledge of Students at the Mosul Technical Medical Institute,” Int. J. Med. All Body Heal. Res., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 104–107, 2024, doi: 10.54660/ijmbhr.2024.5.4.104-107.
K. Krishnamurthy et al., “Benefits of gamification in medical education,” Clin. Anat., vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 795–807, 2022, doi: 10.1002/ca.23916.
B. R. Harris, B. M. Maher, and L. Wentworth, “Optimizing Efforts to Promote Mental Health on College and University Campuses: Recommendations to Facilitate Usage of Services, Resources, and Supports,” J. Behav. Health Serv. Res., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 252–258, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s11414-021-09780-2.
K. Klein et al., “Evaluating Active Lecture and Traditional Lecture in Higher Education,” J. Empower. Teach. Excell., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 9–10, 2023.
D. A. Tholibon et al., “The factors of students’ involvement on student-centered learning method,” Int. J. Eval. Res. Educ., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1637–1646, 2022, doi: 10.11591/ijere.v11i4.22314.
M. I. Baig and E. Yadegaridehkordi, “Flipped classroom in higher education: a systematic literature review and research challenges,” Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1–26, 2023, doi: 10.1186/s41239-023-00430-5.
K. Ali, N. Barhom, F. Tamimi, and M. Duggal, “ChatGPT—A double-edged sword for healthcare education? Implications for assessments of dental students,” Eur. J. Dent. Educ., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 206–211, 2024, doi: 10.1111/eje.12937.
M. Saleem and Z. Khan, “Healthcare Simulation: An effective way of learning in health care,” J. Healthc. Simul., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 1185–1190, 2023.
M. Xu, Y. Luo, Y. Zhang, R. Xia, H. Qian, and X. Zou, “Game-based learning in medical education,” Front. Public Heal., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 01–09, 2023, doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1113682.
C. Elendu et al., “The impact of simulation-based training in medical education,” Medicine (Baltimore)., vol. 103, no. 27, pp. 1–14, 2024.
M. A. Hazrat, N. M. S. Hassan, A. A. Chowdhury, M. G. Rasul, and B. A. Taylor, “Developing a Skilled Workforce for Future Industry Demand : The Potential of Digital Twin-Based Teaching and Learning Practices in Engineering Education,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 16433, pp. 1–27, 2023.
A. Cirneanu and C.-E. Moldoveanu, “Use of Digital Technology in Integrated Mathematics Education,” Appl. Syst. Innov., vol. 7, no. 66, pp. 1–26, 2024, doi: 10.3390/asi7040066.
A. Romancenco, I. Saratila, I. Ababii, and G. Rojnoveanu, “Bridging theory and practice : enhancing medical education through simulation-based training methods,” Mold J Heal. Sci, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 68–73, 2024, doi: 10.52645/MJHS.2024.2.09.
M. Zhang, H. Ding, M. Naumceska, and Y. Zhang, “behavioral sciences Virtual Reality Technology as an Educational and Intervention Tool for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder : Current Perspectives and Future Directions,” Behav. Sci., vol. 12, no. 138, pp. 1–33, 2022, doi: 10.3390/bs12050138.
B. Avau, A. Vanhove, K. Lauwers, P. Vandekerckhove, and E. De Buck, “Impact of the Use of Simulated Patients in Basic First Aid Training on Laypeople Knowledge , Skills , and Self-efficacy A Controlled Experimental Study,” Empir. Investig., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 213–219, 2022, doi: 10.1097/SIH.0000000000000657.
M. Peng, N. Su, R. Hou, and H. Geng, “Evaluation of teaching e ect of first-aid comprehensive simulation-based education in clinical medical students,” Front. Public Heal., vol. 10, no. 909889, pp. 1–8, 2022, doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.909889.
C. Dai, F. Ke, Z. Dai, and M. Pachman, “Improving teaching practices via virtual reality-supported simulation-based learning : Scenario design and the duration of implementation,” Br. J. Educ. Technol., vol. 54, no. December 2022, pp. 836–856, 2023, doi: 10.1111/bjet.13296.
P. W. C. Lau, J. J. Wang, and L. L. Ransdell, “The e ectiveness of Facebook as a social network intervention to increase physical activity in Chinese young adults,” Front. Public Heal., vol. 10, no. 912327, pp. 1–14, 2022, doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.912327.
G. D. Collins and N. D. Ekumah, “Current State of Global Disasters and Development of Global Nursing Professionals Designing and delivering e ff ective simulation-based education for global nursing emergency disaster preparedness and humanitarian practice,” Heal. Emerg. Disaster Nurs., vol. 12, pp. 21–28, 2025, doi: 10.24298/hedn.2025-SP03.
A. Hamdi and A. Al Thobaity, “Enhancing Disaster Triage Competencies through Simulation-Based Training : An Interventional Study among Undergraduate Nursing Students,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 15513, pp. 1–13, 2023, doi: 10.3390/su152115513.
G. C. Osegbue, I. N. Ohamobi, C. O. Alordiah, A. State, and D. State, “Enhancing School Safety and Security: Developing and Implementing Effective Protocols For A Secured Learning Environment,” African J. Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1023–1038, 2025.
E. Widowati, H. Koesyanto, W. Istiono, and A. H. Sutomo, “Disaster Preparedness and Safety School as a Conceptual Framework of Comprehensive School Safety,” Sage, no. December, pp. 1–11, 2023, doi: 10.1177/21582440231211209.
K. Skivington et al., “A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: Update of Medical Research Council guidance,” BMJ, vol. 374, no. 2018, pp. 1–11, 2021, doi: 10.1136/bmj.n2061.
A. Ghanad, “An Overview of Quantitative Research Methods,” Int. J. Multidiscip. Res. Anal., vol. 06, no. 08, pp. 3794–3803, 2023, doi: 10.47191/ijmra/v6-i8-52.
W. Purnomo, A. Ardayati, and A. Fiani, “Teaching Reading Comprehension: A Pre-experimental Research of Story Mapping Strategy,” Dharma Acariya Nusant. J. Pendidikan, Bhs. dan Budaya, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 37–48, 2024, doi: 10.47861/jdan.v2i2.1152.
A. Yilmaz and S. Duygulu, “Developing Psychological Empowerment and Patient Safety Culture: A Pre-experimental Study,” J. Basic Clin. Heal. Sci., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 94–103, 2021, doi: 10.30621/jbachs.907526.
P. S. Anand, P. K. Mohiudheen, M. Ali, and P. P. Sekar, “Effectiveness of Structured Instructional Teaching on Internet Usage in Reducing Academic Stress Among Nursing Students : A Pre-Experimental Study,” Vasc. Endovasc. Rev., vol. 8, no. 9s, pp. 115–119, 2025.
A. K. Abadi, H. T. Oktavıa, K. Mada Setıadı, G. B. Wicaksono, and I. Hayunıngtyas, “Comparison of Arm and Leg Muscle Fatigue During a 3X3 Basketball Game: a Pre- Experimental Study,” Malaysian J. Sport Sci. Recreat., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2025, doi: 10.24191/mjssr.v21i1.5664.
J. E. Rudolph, Y. Zhong, P. Duggal, S. H. Mehta, and B. Lau, “Defining representativeness of study samples in medical and population health research,” BMJ Med., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2023, doi: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000399.
M. M. Willie, “Defining the Population and Target Population in Clinical Studies: Clarifying Terminology and Enhancing Study Validity,” J. Med. Clin. Nurs. Stud., vol. 1, pp. 1–3, 2023, doi: 10.61440/jmcns.2023.v1.03.
D. Hossan, Z. Dato’ Mansor, and N. S. Jaharuddin, “Research Population and Sampling in Quantitative Study,” Int. J. Bus. Technopreneursh., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 209–222, 2023.
F. Mulisa, “Sampling techniques involving human subjects: Applications, pitfalls, and suggestions for further studies,” Int. J. Acad. Res. Educ., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 74–83, 2022, doi: 10.17985/ijare.1225214.
C. B. Uwamusi and A. Ajisebiyawo, “Participant Observation as Research Methodology: Assessing the Defects of Qualitative Observational Data as Research Tools,” Asian J. Soc. Sci. Manag. Technol., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1–14, 2022.
N. K. Sharma, “Instruments Used in the Collection of Data in Research,” SSRN Electron. J., vol. 1, no. I, pp. 1–8, 2022, doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4138751.
A. I. Oben, “Research Instruments: a Questionnaire and an Interview Guide Used To Investigate the Implementation of Higher Education Objectives and the Attainment of Cameroon’S Vision 2035,” Eur. J. Educ. Stud., vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 113–130, 2021, doi: 10.46827/ejes.v8i7.3808.
J. B. Torrato, S. E. Aguja, and M. S. Prudente, “Using web video conferencing to conduct a program as a proposed model toward teacher leadership and academic vitality in the Philippines,” Educ. Sci., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 1–30, 2021, doi: 10.3390/educsci11110658.
D. R and D. R, “A Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Consanguineous Marriages and its Genetic Effects among Young Adults with a View to Develop an Information Booklet at Selected Degree Colleges in Tumkur, Karnataka,” Int. J. Nurs. Care, vol. 12, no. December, pp. 17–35, 2024.
I. Afrianti, N. Wahyuni, and M. Y. A. Putra, “The Effect of Implementation Project-Based Learning (Pjbl) on Students’ English Learning Outcomes,” IJEAL (International J. English Appl. Linguist., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 289–302, 2025.
R. Alfiani and D. Sulisworo, “Leveraging ChatGPT for Developing Learning Object Material: A Multi-representation Approach to Teaching Water Pollution,” Form. J. Ilm. Pendidik. MIPA, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 167–178, 2023, doi: 10.30998/formatif.v13i2.19472.
Z. Zen, Reflianto, Syamsuar, and F. Ariani, “Academic achievement: the effect of project-based online learning method and student engagement,” Heliyon, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 1–13, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11509.
D. Duchatelet and V. Donche, “Assessing student learning during simulations in education: Methodological opportunities and challenges when applying a longitudinal case study design,” Stud. Educ. Eval., vol. 72, p. 101129, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.stueduc.2022.101129.
Q. Huang, S. Y. Yan, J. Huang, Y. Guo, X. T. Zeng, and Y. H. Jin, “Effectiveness of simulation-based clinical research curriculum for undergraduate medical students - a pre-post intervention study with external control,” BMC Med. Educ., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2024, doi: 10.1186/s12909-024-05455-6.
A. Vandendriessche, B. Deforche, K. Dhondt, T. M. Altenburg, and M. Verloigne, “Combining participatory action research with intervention mapping to develop and plan the implementation and evaluation of a healthy sleep intervention for adolescents,” Heal. Promot. Perspect., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 316–329, 2023, doi: 10.34172/hpp.2023.37.
P. A. Nasita and T. Purnama, “Snowball Throwing Method as an Effort to Improve Dental Health Knowledge in Elementary School Students,” J. Cent. Excell. Heal. Assist. Technol., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 58–63, 2025, doi: 10.36082/jchat.v3i2.2608.
M. Taniguchi, T. Ikezoe, T. Tsuboyama, Y. Tabara, F. Matsuda, and N. Ichihashi, “Prevalence and physical characteristics of locomotive syndrome stages as classified by the new criteria 2020 in older Japanese people: results from the Nagahama study,” BMC Geriatr., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2021, doi: 10.1186/s12877-021-02440-2.
T. Piratvisuth et al., “Multimarker Panels for Detection of Early Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Prospective, Multicenter, Case-Control Study,” Hepatol. Commun., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 679–691, 2022, doi: 10.1002/hep4.1847.
D. J. E. Berdida and R. A. N. Grande, “Academic stress, COVID-19 anxiety, and quality of life among nursing students: The mediating role of resilience,” Int. Nurs. Rev., vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 34–42, 2023, doi: 10.1111/inr.12774.
C. Yan, A. B. Siddik, L. Yong, Q. Dong, G. W. Zheng, and M. N. Rahman, “A Two-Staged SEM-Artificial Neural Network Approach to Analyze the Impact of FinTech Adoption on the Sustainability Performance of Banking Firms: The Mediating Effect of Green Finance and Innovation,” Systems, vol. 10, no. 5, 2022, doi: 10.3390/systems10050148.
M. Qorib, “Analysis Of Differentiated Instruction As A Learning Solution In Student Diversity In Inclusive And Moderate Education,” IJRS Int. J. Reglem. Soc. Anal. Differ. Instr. As A Learn. Solut. …, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 43–55, 2024.
D. Abidin, M. S. Aminudin, E. Supriatna, K. K. Alvinuri, and I. Ramadhan, “Between Potential and Environmental Influences for Individual Success: A Review from An Educational Perspective,” EDUKASIA J. Pendidik. dan Pembelajaran, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 95–104, 2024, doi: 10.62775/edukasia.v5i1.718.
G. Gunawan, P. R. Yanti, and N. Nelson, “Methods for Achieving Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor Aspects in Islamic Religious Education Learning: A study at Senior High School in Rejang Lebong,” AL-ISHLAH J. Pendidik., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 981–991, 2023, doi: 10.35445/alishlah.v15i1.2793.
A. Aprizal and P. A. Dewi, “The Effect of Learning Independence on Learning Outcomes in Fiqih Subjects of Class X MAN 3 Inhil,” Int. J. Educ. Inf. Technol. Others, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 96–109, 2025.
M. Akour and M. Alenezi, “Higher Education Future in the Era of Digital Transformation,” Educ. Sci., vol. 12, no. 784, pp. 1–13, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/%0Aeducsci13121166
M. A. M. Hashim, I. Tlemsani, and R. Matthews, “Higher education strategy in digital transformation,” Educ. Inf. Technol., vol. 27, no. June 2021, pp. 3171–3195, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10639-021-10739-1.
I. AlBalawi et al., “Health Sciences Students’ Attitude, Perception, and Experience of Using Educational Simulation in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study,” Nurs. Reports, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 620–628, 2022, doi: 10.3390/nursrep12030061.
B. A. Alhassan, M. Diebieri, A. A. Anliengmene, and S. Issah, “A survey of knowledge and practice of simulation among health tutors in selected health training institutions,” Nurs. Open, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 6390–6397, 2023, doi: 10.1002/nop2.1887.
A. L. Adere, T. B. Abicho, H. H. Seid, B. S. Workneh, and E. Getaneh Mekonen, “Determinants of knowledge and attitude toward first aid among final year students at technical and vocational schools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,” SAGE Open Med., vol. 10, pp. 1–9, 2022, doi: 10.1177/20503121221107479.
I. Budin-Ljøsne et al., “Public perceptions of brain health: an international, online cross-sectional survey,” BMJ Open, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1–15, 2022, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057999.
T. Tajima, K. Harada, Y. Oguma, and S. S. Sawada, “Does health literacy moderate the psychological pathways of physical activity from guideline awareness to behavior? A multi-group structural equation modeling,” BMC Public Health, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2023, doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-15012-3.
A. I. Roșioară et al., “Status of Healthy Choices, Attitudes and Health Education of Children and Young People in Romania—A Literature Review,” Med., vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 1–32, 2024, doi: 10.3390/medicina60050725.
Copyright (c) 2025 Roy Wilson Putra Sihombing, Samaneh Rahmani

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and acknowledge that the Journal of Health Innovation and Environmental Education is the first publisher licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citation of published work.



.png)
.png)












