Analysis of Lead (PB) Levels in Snack Foods at Joyoboyo Terminal, Surabaya as a Public Health Risk
Keywords:
Environmental Health, Food Safet, Lead (PB), Public Health Risk, Snack Food
Abstract
Purpose of the study: Study aimed to analyze the levels of lead (Pb) in snack foods sold at Terminal Joyoboyo, Surabaya, and to assess their potential risk to public health.
Methodology: An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted. A total of 30 snack food samples were collected using purposive sampling from vendors located inside and outside the terminal. Lead levels were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and an independent samples t-test to determine differences between groups.
Main Findings: The findings showed that all samples contained detectable levels of Pb, with higher mean levels observed in foods sold outside the terminal (0.28 mg/kg) compared to those inside (0.19 mg/kg). Approximately 40.0% of samples from outside the terminal exceeded the safety limit, compared to 13.3% from inside. Statistical analysis indicated a significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.05).
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study provides a micro-spatial analysis of Pb contamination by comparing food safety conditions within different zones of the same transportation terminal, offering more precise insights into environmental exposure risks.
References
[1] F. V. Delgado Rodríguez, N. T. Weng Huang, A. L. Gutierrez, D. Arias Nunez, and C. Rosales Leiva, “Ethnobotany, pharmacology and major bioactive metabolites from impatiens genus plants and their related applications,” Pharmacogn. Rev., vol. 17, no. 34, pp. 338–381, 2023, doi: 10.5530/phrev.2023.17.13.
[2] B. Cervantes‐Paz and E. M. Yahia, “Avocado oil: Production and market demand, bioactive components, implications in health, and tendencies and potential uses,” Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 4120–4158, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12784.
[3] N. U. Karim, U. S. A. A. Siddiq, M. R. M. Razak, M. K. M. Zainol, and M. I. Abdullah, “Effects of moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) extraction on quality changes and melanosis of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) during chilled storage,” Ital. J. Food Saf., vol. 7, no. 3, 2018, doi: 10.4081/ijfs.2018.6846.
[4] P. da S. Finamore et al., “Nigerian politicians, discipline, integrity, character and the rule of law: Application versus financial spending in 2019 federal elections,” J. Chem. Inf. Model., vol. 53, no. February, p. 2021, 2021, doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19482.59846.
[5] E. Yanti, D. Hermon, E. Barlian, I. Dewata, and I. Umar, “Directions for sanitation-based environmental structuring using ahp for the prevention of diarrhea in Pagar Alam City - Indonesia,” Int. J. Manag. Humanit., vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 25–29, 2020, doi: 10.35940/ijmh.i0848.054920.
[6] Y. K.M and S. P. Gudur, “Strategic approaches to managing respiratory tract infection risk factors: a comprehensive review,” Asian J. Hosp. Pharm., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–8, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.38022/ajhp.v4i1.80.
[7] A. B. Soares, R. Ribeiro, P. R. S. da S. Alves, M. E. de M. Jardim, and C. A. C. de Medeiros, “Time management: What do university students think about it?,” Rev. Estud. e Investig. en Psicol. y Educ., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2023, doi: 10.17979/reipe.2023.10.1.9468.
[8] H. Fitriyani, Sarwi, and P. Marwoto, “The validity of collaborative based science learning model to develop students’ critical thinking skills,” in Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Educational Research and Innovation (ICERI 2018), Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019, pp. 271–276. doi: 10.2991/iceri-18.2019.58.
[9] S. Zakariah-Akoto et al., “Anaemia prevention among pregnant women: Views and experiences of pregnant women and antenatal care providers in Accra, Ghana,” World Nutr., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 87–101, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.26596/wn.202415287-101.
[10] A. Kumar et al., “Lead toxicity: Health hazards, influence on food chain, and sustainable remediation approaches,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1–9, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.3390/ijerph17072179.
[11] K. Raj and A. P. Das, “Lead pollution: Impact on environment and human health and approach for a sustainable solution,” Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol., vol. 5, pp. 79–85, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.enceco.2023.02.001.
[12] A. Zakso, I. Agung, E. Sofyatiningrum, and M. Calvin Capnary, “Factors affecting character education in the development of the profile of Pancasila students: The case of Indonesia,” J. Posit. Sch. Psychol., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 2254–2273, 2022.
[13] P. Kumar et al., “Using empirical science education in schools to improve climate change literacy,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 178, no. May 2022, p. 113232, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113232.
[14] A. Baltacı, “Nitel Veri Analizinde Miles-Huberman Modeli,” Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sos. Bilim. Enstitüsü Derg., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2017.
[15] A. Malik, H. Aliah, S. Susanti, M. Ubaidillah, and R. W. Sururie, “Science laboratory activities: A profile of the implementation and constraints of junior high school natural science teachers,” Sci. Educ., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 96, 2020, doi: 10.24235/sc.educatia.v9i1.6517.
[16] Sutomo et al., “Short communication: Plant diversity utilization and land cover composition in the Subak Jatiluwih, Bali, Indonesia,” Biodiversitas, 2021, doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d220345.
[17] E. C. D. Todd, J. D. Greig, C. A. Bartleson, and B. S. Michaels, “Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. part 6. transmission and survival of pathogens in the food processing and preparation environment,” J. Food Prot., vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 202–219, Jan. 2009, doi: 10.4315/0362-028X-72.1.202.
[18] F. Masotti, S. Cattaneo, M. Stuknytė, and I. De Noni, “Airborne contamination in the food industry: An update on monitoring and disinfection techniques of air,” Trends Food Sci. Technol., vol. 90, no. 8, pp. 147–156, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.06.006.
[19] C. Colucci et al., “Indexes, models andIT systems for frailty healthcare process management: An innovative case study,” Knowl. Process Manag., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 25–48, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.1002/kpm.70005.
[20] S. Triunfo and A. Lanzone, “Impact of maternal under nutrition on obstetric outcomes,” J. Endocrinol. Invest., vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 31–38, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s40618-014-0168-4.
[21] K. I. Krisnadewi, S. A. Kristina, T. M. Andayani, and D. Endarti, “Implementation preventive program for diabetic mellitus (PROLANIS) at community health center in Indonesia: A qualitative study,” J. Appl. Pharm. Sci., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 153–161, 2024, doi: 10.7324/JAPS.2024.194416.
[22] A. M. Aljeboree et al., “Direct Dyes Derived from 4 , 4 -Diaminobenzanilide Synthesis , Characterization and Toxicity Evaluation of a Disazo Symmetric Direct Dye,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1–12, 2014, doi: 10.1007/s12257-009-0199-4%5Cnhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1876610214007504%5Cnhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.
[23] A. J. Kroopnick and E. C. Miller, “Approach to Altered Mental Status in Pregnancy and Postpartum,” Semin. Neurol., vol. 44, no. 06, pp. 695–706, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1055/s-0044-1788977.
[24] H. Susanto, D. Setiawan, S. Mahanal, Z. Firdaus, and C. Tsany Kusmayadi, “Development and evaluation of e-comic nervous system app to enhance self-directed student learning,” JPBI (Jurnal Pendidik. Biol. Indones., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 143–153, 2024, doi: 10.22219/jpbi.v10i1.31451.
[25] A. R. Husain, T. Wantu, and M. R. Pautina, “Perilaku Prokrastinasi Akademik dan Faktor Penyebabnya pada Mahasiswa,” Student J. Guid. Couns., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 145–157, 2023, doi: 10.37411/sjgc.v2i2.1907.
[26] A. Chiche and B. Yitagesu, “Part of speech tagging: a systematic review of deep learning and machine learning approaches,” J. Big Data, vol. 9, no. 1, 2022, doi: 10.1186/s40537-022-00561-y.
[27] L. Kano, E. W. K. Tsang, and H. W. chung Yeung, “Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature,” J. Int. Bus. Stud., vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 577–622, 2020, doi: 10.1057/s41267-020-00304-2.
[28] K. Sun, “Bridging the sustainability gap in rural health equity: policy evaluation and transnational lessons from Guizhou’s targeted medical assistance program,” Front. Public Heal., vol. 13, no. 2, p. 108, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1621223.
[29] D. Madigan, P. B. Ryan, and M. Schuemie, “Does design matter? Systematic evaluation of the impact of analytical choices on effect estimates in observational studies,” Ther. Adv. Drug Saf., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 53–62, Apr. 2013, doi: 10.1177/2042098613477445.
[30] M. Stoto, M. Oakes, E. Stuart, E. L. Priest, and L. Savitz, “Analytical Methods for a Learning Health System: 2. Design of Observational Studies,” eGEMs (Generating Evid. Methods to Improv. patient outcomes), vol. 5, no. 1, p. 29, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.5334/egems.251.
[31] W. Sauerbrei, M. Abrahamowicz, D. G. Altman, S. le Cessie, and J. Carpenter, “STRengthening Analytical Thinking for Observational Studies: the STRATOS initiative,” Stat. Med., vol. 33, no. 30, pp. 5413–5432, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1002/sim.6265.
[32] T. Pajk, K. Van Isacker, B. Aberšek, and A. Flogie, “Stem education in eco-farming supported by ict and mobile applications,” J. Balt. Sci. Educ., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 277–288, 2021, doi: 10.33225/jbse/21.20.277.
[33] G. P. Yustika and S. Iswati, “Digital Literacy in Formal Online Education: A Short Review,” Din. Pendidik., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 66–76, 2020, doi: 10.15294/dp.v15i1.23779.
[34] I. Rahayu and S. Sukardi, “The Development Of E-Modules Project Based Learning for Students of Computer and Basic Networks at Vocational School,” J. Educ. Technol., vol. 4, no. 4, p. 398, 2021, doi: 10.23887/jet.v4i4.29230.
[35] J. Larsson and J. Airey, “On the periphery of university physics: Trainee physics teachers’ experiences of learning undergraduate physics,” Eur. J. Phys., vol. 42, no. 5, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1361-6404/ac0e1e.
[36] Y. Chrisnawati and Y. O. Susilo, “Dynamic demand patterns in the profit optimisation of bike-sharing station locations: an agent-based analysis of the greater Vienna region,” Transp. Plan. Technol., vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 852–874, 2024, doi: 10.1080/03081060.2024.2352737.
[37] N. Farid, K. Bux, K. Ali, A. Bashir, and R. Tahir, “Repurposing Amphotericin B: Anti-microbial, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies suggest inhibition potential of Amphotericin B against MRSA,” BMC Chem., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–16, 2023, doi: 10.1186/s13065-023-00980-9.
[38] D. H. and O’Day, “Glycoconjugates bearing terminal a-linked galactose are concentrated in photoreceptor oil droplets,” Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 255–263, 1997, doi: 10.1187/cbe.05.
[2] B. Cervantes‐Paz and E. M. Yahia, “Avocado oil: Production and market demand, bioactive components, implications in health, and tendencies and potential uses,” Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 4120–4158, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12784.
[3] N. U. Karim, U. S. A. A. Siddiq, M. R. M. Razak, M. K. M. Zainol, and M. I. Abdullah, “Effects of moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) extraction on quality changes and melanosis of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) during chilled storage,” Ital. J. Food Saf., vol. 7, no. 3, 2018, doi: 10.4081/ijfs.2018.6846.
[4] P. da S. Finamore et al., “Nigerian politicians, discipline, integrity, character and the rule of law: Application versus financial spending in 2019 federal elections,” J. Chem. Inf. Model., vol. 53, no. February, p. 2021, 2021, doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19482.59846.
[5] E. Yanti, D. Hermon, E. Barlian, I. Dewata, and I. Umar, “Directions for sanitation-based environmental structuring using ahp for the prevention of diarrhea in Pagar Alam City - Indonesia,” Int. J. Manag. Humanit., vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 25–29, 2020, doi: 10.35940/ijmh.i0848.054920.
[6] Y. K.M and S. P. Gudur, “Strategic approaches to managing respiratory tract infection risk factors: a comprehensive review,” Asian J. Hosp. Pharm., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–8, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.38022/ajhp.v4i1.80.
[7] A. B. Soares, R. Ribeiro, P. R. S. da S. Alves, M. E. de M. Jardim, and C. A. C. de Medeiros, “Time management: What do university students think about it?,” Rev. Estud. e Investig. en Psicol. y Educ., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2023, doi: 10.17979/reipe.2023.10.1.9468.
[8] H. Fitriyani, Sarwi, and P. Marwoto, “The validity of collaborative based science learning model to develop students’ critical thinking skills,” in Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Educational Research and Innovation (ICERI 2018), Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019, pp. 271–276. doi: 10.2991/iceri-18.2019.58.
[9] S. Zakariah-Akoto et al., “Anaemia prevention among pregnant women: Views and experiences of pregnant women and antenatal care providers in Accra, Ghana,” World Nutr., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 87–101, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.26596/wn.202415287-101.
[10] A. Kumar et al., “Lead toxicity: Health hazards, influence on food chain, and sustainable remediation approaches,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1–9, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.3390/ijerph17072179.
[11] K. Raj and A. P. Das, “Lead pollution: Impact on environment and human health and approach for a sustainable solution,” Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol., vol. 5, pp. 79–85, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.enceco.2023.02.001.
[12] A. Zakso, I. Agung, E. Sofyatiningrum, and M. Calvin Capnary, “Factors affecting character education in the development of the profile of Pancasila students: The case of Indonesia,” J. Posit. Sch. Psychol., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 2254–2273, 2022.
[13] P. Kumar et al., “Using empirical science education in schools to improve climate change literacy,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 178, no. May 2022, p. 113232, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113232.
[14] A. Baltacı, “Nitel Veri Analizinde Miles-Huberman Modeli,” Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sos. Bilim. Enstitüsü Derg., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2017.
[15] A. Malik, H. Aliah, S. Susanti, M. Ubaidillah, and R. W. Sururie, “Science laboratory activities: A profile of the implementation and constraints of junior high school natural science teachers,” Sci. Educ., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 96, 2020, doi: 10.24235/sc.educatia.v9i1.6517.
[16] Sutomo et al., “Short communication: Plant diversity utilization and land cover composition in the Subak Jatiluwih, Bali, Indonesia,” Biodiversitas, 2021, doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d220345.
[17] E. C. D. Todd, J. D. Greig, C. A. Bartleson, and B. S. Michaels, “Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. part 6. transmission and survival of pathogens in the food processing and preparation environment,” J. Food Prot., vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 202–219, Jan. 2009, doi: 10.4315/0362-028X-72.1.202.
[18] F. Masotti, S. Cattaneo, M. Stuknytė, and I. De Noni, “Airborne contamination in the food industry: An update on monitoring and disinfection techniques of air,” Trends Food Sci. Technol., vol. 90, no. 8, pp. 147–156, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.06.006.
[19] C. Colucci et al., “Indexes, models and
[20] S. Triunfo and A. Lanzone, “Impact of maternal under nutrition on obstetric outcomes,” J. Endocrinol. Invest., vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 31–38, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s40618-014-0168-4.
[21] K. I. Krisnadewi, S. A. Kristina, T. M. Andayani, and D. Endarti, “Implementation preventive program for diabetic mellitus (PROLANIS) at community health center in Indonesia: A qualitative study,” J. Appl. Pharm. Sci., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 153–161, 2024, doi: 10.7324/JAPS.2024.194416.
[22] A. M. Aljeboree et al., “Direct Dyes Derived from 4 , 4 -Diaminobenzanilide Synthesis , Characterization and Toxicity Evaluation of a Disazo Symmetric Direct Dye,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1–12, 2014, doi: 10.1007/s12257-009-0199-4%5Cnhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1876610214007504%5Cnhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.
[23] A. J. Kroopnick and E. C. Miller, “Approach to Altered Mental Status in Pregnancy and Postpartum,” Semin. Neurol., vol. 44, no. 06, pp. 695–706, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1055/s-0044-1788977.
[24] H. Susanto, D. Setiawan, S. Mahanal, Z. Firdaus, and C. Tsany Kusmayadi, “Development and evaluation of e-comic nervous system app to enhance self-directed student learning,” JPBI (Jurnal Pendidik. Biol. Indones., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 143–153, 2024, doi: 10.22219/jpbi.v10i1.31451.
[25] A. R. Husain, T. Wantu, and M. R. Pautina, “Perilaku Prokrastinasi Akademik dan Faktor Penyebabnya pada Mahasiswa,” Student J. Guid. Couns., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 145–157, 2023, doi: 10.37411/sjgc.v2i2.1907.
[26] A. Chiche and B. Yitagesu, “Part of speech tagging: a systematic review of deep learning and machine learning approaches,” J. Big Data, vol. 9, no. 1, 2022, doi: 10.1186/s40537-022-00561-y.
[27] L. Kano, E. W. K. Tsang, and H. W. chung Yeung, “Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature,” J. Int. Bus. Stud., vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 577–622, 2020, doi: 10.1057/s41267-020-00304-2.
[28] K. Sun, “Bridging the sustainability gap in rural health equity: policy evaluation and transnational lessons from Guizhou’s targeted medical assistance program,” Front. Public Heal., vol. 13, no. 2, p. 108, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1621223.
[29] D. Madigan, P. B. Ryan, and M. Schuemie, “Does design matter? Systematic evaluation of the impact of analytical choices on effect estimates in observational studies,” Ther. Adv. Drug Saf., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 53–62, Apr. 2013, doi: 10.1177/2042098613477445.
[30] M. Stoto, M. Oakes, E. Stuart, E. L. Priest, and L. Savitz, “Analytical Methods for a Learning Health System: 2. Design of Observational Studies,” eGEMs (Generating Evid. Methods to Improv. patient outcomes), vol. 5, no. 1, p. 29, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.5334/egems.251.
[31] W. Sauerbrei, M. Abrahamowicz, D. G. Altman, S. le Cessie, and J. Carpenter, “STRengthening Analytical Thinking for Observational Studies: the STRATOS initiative,” Stat. Med., vol. 33, no. 30, pp. 5413–5432, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1002/sim.6265.
[32] T. Pajk, K. Van Isacker, B. Aberšek, and A. Flogie, “Stem education in eco-farming supported by ict and mobile applications,” J. Balt. Sci. Educ., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 277–288, 2021, doi: 10.33225/jbse/21.20.277.
[33] G. P. Yustika and S. Iswati, “Digital Literacy in Formal Online Education: A Short Review,” Din. Pendidik., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 66–76, 2020, doi: 10.15294/dp.v15i1.23779.
[34] I. Rahayu and S. Sukardi, “The Development Of E-Modules Project Based Learning for Students of Computer and Basic Networks at Vocational School,” J. Educ. Technol., vol. 4, no. 4, p. 398, 2021, doi: 10.23887/jet.v4i4.29230.
[35] J. Larsson and J. Airey, “On the periphery of university physics: Trainee physics teachers’ experiences of learning undergraduate physics,” Eur. J. Phys., vol. 42, no. 5, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1361-6404/ac0e1e.
[36] Y. Chrisnawati and Y. O. Susilo, “Dynamic demand patterns in the profit optimisation of bike-sharing station locations: an agent-based analysis of the greater Vienna region,” Transp. Plan. Technol., vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 852–874, 2024, doi: 10.1080/03081060.2024.2352737.
[37] N. Farid, K. Bux, K. Ali, A. Bashir, and R. Tahir, “Repurposing Amphotericin B: Anti-microbial, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies suggest inhibition potential of Amphotericin B against MRSA,” BMC Chem., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–16, 2023, doi: 10.1186/s13065-023-00980-9.
[38] D. H. and O’Day, “Glycoconjugates bearing terminal a-linked galactose are concentrated in photoreceptor oil droplets,” Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 255–263, 1997, doi: 10.1187/cbe.05.
Published
2026-04-07
How to Cite
Maryati, A., Sophearom, C., & Bunleang, K. (2026). Analysis of Lead (PB) Levels in Snack Foods at Joyoboyo Terminal, Surabaya as a Public Health Risk. Journal of Health Innovation and Environmental Education, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.37251/jhiee.v3i1.3000
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2026 Ani Maryati, Chhea Sophearom, Ky Bunleang
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and acknowledge that the Journal of Health Innovation and Environmental Education is the first publisher licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citation of published work.
.png)
.png)
